Introduction to Fluid Mechanics,9780471548522

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

by ;
Edition: 4th
ISBN13: 9780471548522
ISBN10: 0471548529
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 1992-01-01
Publisher(s): John Wiley & Sons Inc
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Summary

A proven problem-solving approach in Fluid Mechanics now integrated with Excel! Fox, McDonald & Pritchard provide a balanced approach to fluid mechanics that arms students with a proven problem-solving methodology. Students will learn to adopt an orderly approach to solving problems. Providing a fresh look, new co-author Philip J. Pritchard, of Manhattan College, has clarified and improved descriptions and explanations throughout the book. The text emphasizes the control volume concept to provide a practical problem solving approach that is theoretically inclusive. 116 detailed example problems illustrate important concepts; each problem is solved in complete detail to demonstrate good solution procedure. 45 example problems have associated "Excel/workbooks that enable students to perform " What if?" scenarios when studying the examples; many of the workbooks can be modified to solve end-of-chapter problems. Students can use "Excel to vary problems parameters to gain insight into the behavior of complex solutions. 1315 end-of-chapter problems, with varying degrees of difficulty, provide the opportunity to practice building problem-solving skills. The CD accompanying the text includes: special and/or advanced topic sections for further study that are not include in the printed text, 45 example problem workbooks in "Excel, and " A Brief Review of Microsoft "Excel" (an introduction to "Excel' s basic features, and such advanced features as "Solver and macros).

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1(16)
1-1 Note to Students
1(1)
1-2 Definition of a Fluid
2(1)
1-3 Scope of Fluid Mechanics
3(1)
1-4 Basic Equations
4(1)
1-5 Methods of Analysis
5(4)
1-5.1 System and Control Volume
5(2)
1-5.2 Differential versus Integral Approach
7(1)
1-5.3 Methods of Description
7(2)
1-6 Dimensions and Units
9(2)
1-6.1 Systems of Dimensions
9(1)
1-6.2 Systems of Units
10(1)
1-6.3 Preferred Systems of Units
11(1)
1-7 Summary Objectives
11(1)
Problems
12(5)
CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
17(33)
2-1 Fluid as a Continuum
17(1)
2-2 Velocity Field
18(5)
2-2.1 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
19(2)
2-2.2 Timelines, Pathlines, Streaklines, and Streamlines
21(2)
2-3 Stress Field
23(3)
2-4 Viscosity
26(4)
2-4.1 Newtonian Fluid
27(2)
2-4.2 Non-Newtonian Fluids
29(1)
2-5 Description and Classification of Fluid Motions
30(8)
2-5.1 Viscous and Inviscid Flows
30(5)
2-5.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows
35(1)
2-5.3 Compressible and Incompressible Flows
36(1)
2-5.4 Internal and External Flows
37(1)
2-6 Summary Objectives
38(1)
Problems
38(12)
CHAPTER 3 FLUID STATICS
50(46)
3-1 The Basic Equation of Fluid Statics
50(3)
3-2 Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid
53(6)
3-3 The Standard Atmosphere
59(2)
3-4 Hydraulic Systems
61(1)
3-5 Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces
61(11)
3-5.1 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Submerged Surface
61(7)
3-5.2 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Submerged Surface
68(4)
**3-6 Buoyancy and Stability
72(1)
**3-7 Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion
73(5)
3-8 Summary Objectives
78(1)
Problems
79(17)
CHAPTER 4 BASIC EQUATIONS IN INTEGRAL FORM FOR A CONTROL VOLUME
96(97)
4-1 Basic Laws for a System
96(2)
4-1.1 Conservation of Mass
96(1)
4-1.2 Newton's Second Law
97(1)
4-1.3 The Angular Momentum Principle
97(1)
4-1.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
97(1)
4-1.5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
98(1)
4-2 Relation of System Derivatives to the Control Volume Formulation
98(6)
4-2.1 Derivation
99(4)
4-2.2 Physical Interpretation
103(1)
4-3 Conservation of Mass
104(7)
4-3.1 Special Cases
105(6)
4-4 Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume
111(17)
**4-4.1 Differential Control Volume Analysis
121(4)
4-4.2 Control Volume Moving with Constant Velocity
125(3)
4-5 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Rectilinear Acceleration
128(8)
**4-6 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Arbitrary Acceleration
136(4)
**4-7 The Angular Momentum Principle
140(9)
4-7.1 Equation for Fixed Control Volume
141(4)
4-7.2 Equation for Rotating Control Volume
145(4)
4-8 The First Law of Thermodynamics
149(7)
4-8.1 Rate of Work Done by a Control Volume
150(2)
4-8.2 Control Volume Equation
152(4)
4-9 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
156(1)
4-10 Summary Objectives
157(1)
Problems
157(36)
CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID MOTION
193(39)
5-1 Conservation of Mass
193(8)
5-1.1 Rectangular Coordinate System
193(5)
5-1.2 Cylindrical Coordinate System
198(3)
**5-2 Stream Function for Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow
201(4)
5-3 Motion of a Fluid Element (Kinematics)
205(13)
5-3.1 Acceleration of a Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field
206(5)
5-3.2 Fluid Rotation
211(4)
5-3.3 Fluid Deformation
215(3)
5-4 Momentum Equation
218(4)
5-4.1 Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle
219(1)
5-4.2 Differential Momentum Equation
220(1)
5-4.3 Newtonian Fluid: Navier-Stokes Equations
220(2)
5-5 Summary Objectives
222(1)
References
222(1)
Problems
222(10)
CHAPTER 6 INCOMPRESSIBLE INVISCID FLOW
232(54)
6-1 Momentum Equation for Frictionless Flow: Euler's Equations
232(1)
6-2 Euler's Equations in Streamline Coordinates
233(4)
6-3 Benoulli Equation-Integration of Euler's Equation Along a Streamline for Steady Flow
237(12)
6-3.1 Derivation Using Streamline Coordinates
237(1)
**6-3.2 Derivation Using Rectangular Coordinates
238(1)
6-3.3 Static, Stagnation, and Dynamic Pressures
239(4)
6-3.4 Applications
243(5)
6-3.5 Cautions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation
248(1)
6-4 Relation between the First Law of Thermodynamics and the Bernoulli Equation
249(6)
**6-5 Unsteady Bernoulli Equation-Integration of Euler's Equation Along a Streamline
255(2)
**6-6 Irrotational Flow
257(14)
6-6.1 Bernoulli Equation Applied to Irrotational Flow
258(1)
6-6.2 Velocity Potential
259(1)
6-6.3 Stream Function and Velocity Potential for Two-Dimensional, Irrotational, Incompressible Flow; Laplace's Equation
260(2)
6-6.4 Elementary Plane Flows
262(1)
6-6.5 Superposition of Elementary Plane Flows
263(8)
6-7 Summary Objectives
271(1)
References
271(1)
Problems
271(15)
CHAPTER 7 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE
286(35)
7-1 Nature of Dimensional Analysis
286(1)
7-2 Buckingham Pi Theorem
287(1)
7-3 Determining the Pi Groups
288(6)
7-4 Dimensionless Groups of Significance in Fluid Mechanics
294(2)
7-5 Flow Similarity and Model Studies
296(13)
7-5.1 Incomplete Similarity
298(6)
7-5.2 Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters
304(4)
7-5.3 Comments on Model Testing
308(1)
7-6 Nondimensionalizing the Basic Differential Equations
309(2)
7-7 Summary Objectives
311(1)
References
311(1)
Problems
312(9)
CHAPTER 8 INTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW
321(2)
8-1 Introduction
321(2)
PART A. FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW 323(16)
8-2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow between Infinite Parallel Plates
323(12)
8-2.1 Both Plates Stationary
323(5)
8-2.2 Upper Plate Moving with Constant Speed, U
328(7)
8-3 Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe
335(4)
PART B. FLOW IN PIPES AND DUCTS 339(38)
8-4 Shear Stress Distribution in Fully Developed Pipe Flow
340(2)
8-5 Turbulent Velocity Profiles in Fully Developed Pipe Flow
342(2)
8-6 Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow
344(3)
8-6.1 Kinetic Energy Coefficient
346(1)
8-6.2 Head Loss
346(1)
8-7 Calculation of Head Loss
347(12)
8-7.1 Major Losses: Friction Factor
347(6)
8-7.2 Minor Losses
353(5)
8-7.3 Noncircular Ducts
358(1)
8-8 Solution of Pipe Flow Problems
359(18)
8-8.1 Single-Path Systems
359(13)
**8-8.2 Multiple-Path Systems
372(5)
PART C. FLOW MEASUREMENT 377(34)
8-9 Direct Methods
377(1)
8-10 Restriction Flow Meters for Internal Flows
377(10)
8-10.1 The Orifice Plate
380(2)
8-10.2 The Flow Nozzle
382(1)
8-10.3 The Venturi
383(1)
8-10.4 The Laminar Flow Element
384(3)
8-11 Linear Flow Meters
387(2)
8-12 Traversing Methods
389(1)
8-13 Summary Objectives
390(1)
References
390(2)
Problems
392(19)
CHAPTER 9 EXTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW
411(1)
PART A. BOUNDARY LAYERS 412(25)
9-1 The Boundary-Layer Concept
412(1)
9-2 Boundary-Layer Thicknesses
413(3)
**9-3 Laminar Flat-Plate Boundary Layer: Exact Solution
416(5)
9-4 Momentum Integral Equation
421(5)
9-5 Use of the Momentum Integral Equation for Zero Pressure Gradient Flow
426(8)
9-5.1 Laminar Flow
427(4)
9-5.2 Turbulent Flow
431(3)
9-6 Pressure Gradients in Boundary-Layer Flow
434(3)
PART B. FLUID FLOW ABOUT IMMERSED BODIES 437(51)
9-7 Drag
438(14)
9-7.1 Flow over a Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow: Friction Drag
439(3)
9-7.2 Flow over a Flat Plate Normal to the Flow: Pressure Drag
442(1)
9-7.3 Flow over a Sphere and Cylinder: Friction and Pressure Drag
443(6)
9-7.4 Streamlining
449(3)
9-8 Lift
452(15)
9-9 Summary Objectives
467(1)
References
467(2)
Problems
469(19)
CHAPTER 10 FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS
488(56)
10-1 Characteristics of Open Channels
488(3)
10-2 Propagation of Surface Waves
491(3)
10-2.1 Wave Speed
491(3)
10-2.2 The Froude Number
494(1)
10-3 Energy Equation for Open-Channel Flow
494(5)
10-3.1 Specific Energy
496(3)
10-4 Frictionless Flow: Effect of Area Change
499(6)
10-4.1 Flow over a Bump
499(3)
10-4.2 Flow through a Sluice Gate
502(3)
10-5 Flow at Normal Depth: Uniform Flow
505(12)
10-5.1 Basic Equations
505(2)
10-5.2 The Manning Correlation for Velocity
507(5)
10-5.3 Optimum Channel Cross Section
512(2)
10-5.4 Critical Normal Flow
514(3)
10-6 Flow with Gradually Varying Depth
517(8)
10-6.1 Classification of Surface Profiles
518(3)
10-6.2 Calculation of Surface Profiles
521(4)
10-7 The Hydraulic Jump
525(5)
10-7.1 Basic Equations
525(2)
10-7.2 Depth Increase across a Hydraulic Jump
527(1)
10-7.3 Head Loss across a Hydraulic Jump
527(3)
10-8 Measurements in Open-Channel Flow
530(6)
10-8.1 Sharp-Crested Weirs
531(3)
10-8.2 Broad-Crested Weirs
534(1)
10-8.3 Sluice Gates
535(1)
10-8.4 Critical Flumes
535(1)
10-9 Summary Objectives
536(1)
References
537(1)
Problems
537(7)
CHAPTER 11 FLUID MACHINERY
544(89)
11-1 Introduction and Classification of Fluid Machines
544(3)
11-2 Scope of Coverage
547(1)
11-3 Turbomachinery Analysis
548(9)
11-3.1 The Angular Momentum Principle
548(1)
11-3.2 Euler Turbomachine Equation
548(2)
11-3.3 Velocity Polygon Analysis
550(7)
11-4 Performance Characteristics
557(20)
11-4.1 Performance Parameters
557(10)
11-4.2 Dimensional Analysis and Specific Speed
567(5)
11-4.3 Similarity Rules
572(4)
11-4.4 Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head
576(1)
11-5 Applications to Fluid Systems
577(38)
11-5.1 Work Absorbing Machines
577(30)
11-5.2 Work-Producing Machines
607(8)
11-6 Summary Objectives
615(1)
References
616(2)
Problems
618(15)
CHAPTER 12 INTRODUCTION TO COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
633(29)
12-1 Review of Thermodynamics
633(7)
12-2 Propagation of Sound Waves
640(6)
12-2.1 Speed of Sound
640(4)
12-2.2 Types of Flow-The Mach Cone
644(2)
12-3 Reference State: Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties
646(8)
12-3.1 Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties for the Flow of an Ideal Gas
647(7)
12-4 Critical Conditions
654(1)
12-5 Summary Objectives
655(1)
References
655(1)
Problems
655(7)
CHAPTER 13 STEADY ONE-DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
662(95)
13-1 Basic Equations for Isentropic Flow
662(4)
13-2 Effect of Area Variation on Properties in Isentropic Flow
666(2)
13-3 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas
668(17)
13-3.1 Basic Equations
668(1)
13-3.2 Reference Conditions for Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas
669(3)
**13-3.3 Tables for Computation of Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas
672(1)
13-3.4 Isentropic Flow in a Converging Nozzle
673(6)
13-3.5 Isentropic Flow in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle
679(6)
13-4 Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Friction
685(17)
13-4.1 Basic Equations for Adiabatic Flow
685(3)
13-4.2 Adiabatic Flow: The Fanno Line
688(4)
**13-4.3 Tables for Computation of Fanno Line Flow of an Ideal Gas
692(8)
**13-4.4 Isothermal Flow
700(2)
13-5 Frictionless Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Heat Exchange
702(12)
13-5.1 Basic Equations
702(3)
13-5.2 The Rayleigh Line
705(6)
**13-5.3 Tables for Computation of Rayleigh Line Flow of an Ideal Gas
711(3)
13-6 Normal Shocks
714(12)
13-6.1 Basic Equations
715(7)
**13-6.2 Tables for Computation of Normal Shocks in an Ideal Gas
722(4)
13-7 Supersonic Channel Flow with Shocks
726(8)
13-7.1 Flow in a Coverging-Diverging Nozzle
727(1)
**13-7.2 Supersonic Diffuser
728(1)
**13-7.3 Supersonic Wind Tunnel Operation
729(2)
**13-7.4 Constant-Area Channel with Friction
731(1)
**13-7.5 Constant-Area Channel with Heat Addition
731(3)
13-8 Summary Objectives
734(1)
References
735(1)
Problems
735(22)
Appendix A FLUID PROPERTY DATA 757(11)
Appendix B EQUATIONS OF MOTION IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES 768(1)
Appendix C VIDEOTAPES AND FILMS FOR FLUID MECHANICS 769(3)
Appendix D SELECTED PERFORMANCE CURVES FOR PUMPS AND FANS 772(12)
Appendix E TABLES FOR COMPUTATION OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 784(16)
Appendix F ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL UNCERTAINTY 800(7)
Appendix G SI UNITS, PREFIXES, AND CONVERSION FACTORS 807(2)
Answers to Selected Problems 809(12)
Index 821

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