Introduction to Logic

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Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2001-12-29
Publisher(s): Routledge
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Summary

Introduction to Logicoffers one of the most clear, interesting and accessible introductions to what has long been considered one of the most challenging subjects in philosophy. Harry Gensler engages readers with the basics of logic through practical examples and important arguments in the history of philosophy and from contemporary philosophy. Using simpler and manageable methods for testing arguments, readers are led through in a careful step-by-step way to master the complexities of logic.

Table of Contents

Preface xi
Introduction
1(6)
Logic
1(1)
Valid arguments
2(2)
Sound arguments
4(1)
The plan of this book
5(2)
Syllogistic Logic
7(28)
Easier translations
7(2)
The star test
9(4)
English arguments
13(4)
Harder translations
17(3)
Deriving conclusions
20(5)
Venn diagrams
25(4)
Idiomatic arguments
29(4)
The Aristotelian view
33(2)
Basic Propositional Logic
35(36)
Easier translations
35(3)
Simple truth tables
38(3)
Truth evaluations
41(1)
Unknown evaluations
42(2)
Complex truth tables
44(2)
The truth-table test
46(4)
The truth-assignment test
50(6)
Harder translations
56(2)
Idiomatic arguments
58(3)
S-rules
61(3)
I-rules
64(3)
Combining S- and I-rules
67(1)
Extended inferences
68(2)
Logic gates and computers
70(1)
Propositional Proofs
71(30)
Two sample proofs
71(2)
Easier proofs
73(6)
Easier refutations
79(7)
Multiple assumptions
86(2)
Harder proofs
88(5)
Harder refutations
93(4)
Other proof methods
97(4)
Basic Quantificational Logic
101(23)
Easier translations
101(5)
Easier proofs
106(6)
Easier refutations
112(4)
Harder translations
116(2)
Harder proofs
118(6)
Relations and Identity
124(21)
Identity translations
124(2)
Identity proofs
126(5)
Relational translations
131(4)
Relational proofs
135(8)
Definite descriptions
143(2)
Basic Modal Logic
145(20)
Translations
145(4)
Proofs
149(8)
Refutations
157(8)
Further Modal Systems
165(19)
Galactic travel
165(5)
Quantified translations
170(3)
Quantified proofs
173(4)
A sophisticated system
177(7)
Deontic and Imperative Logic
184(23)
Imperative translations
184(2)
Imperative proofs
186(7)
Deontic translations
193(4)
Deontic proofs
197(10)
Belief Logic
207(22)
Belief translations
207(1)
Belief proofs
208(6)
Believing and willing
214(3)
Willing proofs
217(2)
Rationality translations
219(3)
Rationality proofs
222(4)
A sophisticated system
226(3)
A Formalized Ethical Theory
229(24)
Practical rationality
229(2)
Consistency
231(3)
The golden rule
234(4)
Starting the GR proof
238(4)
GR logical machinery
242(8)
The symbolic GR proof
250(3)
Metalogic
253(14)
Metalogical questions
253(1)
Symbols
253(2)
Soundness
255(1)
Completeness
256(2)
Corollaries
258(1)
An axiomatic system
259(1)
Godel's theorem
260(7)
Inductive Reasoning
267(38)
The statistical syllogism
267(2)
Probability calculations
269(5)
Philosophical questions
274(6)
Reasoning from a sample
280(3)
Analogical reasoning
283(3)
Analogy and other minds
286(1)
Mill's methods
287(5)
Scientific laws
292(7)
Problems with induction
299(6)
Meaning and Definitions
305(22)
Logic and meaning
305(1)
Uses of language
305(2)
Lexical definitions
307(5)
Stipulative definitions
312(3)
Explaining meaning
315(4)
Making distinctions
319(2)
Analytic and synthetic
321(2)
A priori and a posteriori
323(4)
Fallacies and Argumentation
327(22)
Good arguments
327(4)
Informal fallacies
331(7)
Inconsistency
338(5)
Constructing arguments
343(3)
Analyzing arguments
346(3)
Appendix: LogiCola Software 349(8)
Getting the software
349(1)
Starting LogiCola
350(2)
Doing an exercise
352(2)
Some tricky areas
354(1)
Proof exercises
355(1)
Sets for each chapter
356(1)
Answers to Selected Problems 357(31)
Chapter 2
357(1)
Chapter 3
358(2)
Chapter 4
360(4)
Chapter 5
364(4)
Chapter 6
368(3)
Chapter 7
371(2)
Chapter 8
373(3)
Chapter 9
376(2)
Chapter 10
378(4)
Chapter 11
382(1)
Chapter 13
382(2)
Chapter 14
384(2)
Chapter 15
386(2)
Glossary 388(10)
Index of Names 398

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