Legal Drafting : Process, Techniques, and Exercises,9780314144263

Legal Drafting : Process, Techniques, and Exercises

by
Edition: 2nd
ISBN13: 9780314144263
ISBN10: 0314144269
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2003-07-01
Publisher(s): West Academic
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Summary

Haggard's Legal Drafting in a Nutshell provides guidelines for producing documents that serve the client's needs, solve existing problems, and prevent future problems. Authoritative coverage overviews the general drafting process and offers tips on getting started. Provides guidelines for drafting within the law and choosing the proper concept. Also identifies ambiguities, definitions, and drafting ethics.

Table of Contents

Preface iv
PART I. INTRODUCTION
A Philosophy of Drafting
1(32)
The Characteristics of Good Legal Writing
4(6)
Accuracy
4(2)
Clarity
6(1)
Concision
7(2)
Simplicity
9(1)
Tone
9(1)
Three Types of Legal Writing
10(3)
Discoursive Writing
10(1)
Litigation-Related Writing
11(1)
Normative Writing
12(1)
The Ultimate Consequence of Drafted Documents
13(2)
Drafting as a Facilitator of Self-Government and Economic Enterprise
15(1)
Drafting as a Form of Preventive Lawyering
16(1)
Drafting as an Intellectual Exercise
17(6)
Knowledge of the Law
17(2)
Investigation
19(1)
Conceptualization
20(2)
Prescience
22(1)
Organization
22(1)
Drafting as a Literary Exercise
23(3)
Words
23(2)
Sentences
25(1)
Other Word Construction Techniques
25(1)
Headings
26(1)
Drafting as an Ethical Exercise
26(2)
The Costs of Bad Drafting
28(2)
Social Costs
28(1)
Client Costs
29(1)
Drafter Costs
30(1)
Drafting From Scratch
30(3)
Contract Drafting
33(22)
The Role of the Contract Drafter
33(1)
Recurring Problems in Contract Drafting
34(6)
Unintended Contracts
34(2)
Documents Intended to be Contracts That Fail
36(1)
Contracts Containing Gaps
37(1)
Ambiguous and Unnecessarily Vague Terms
38(1)
Unanticipated Events
39(1)
Types of Contracts
40(1)
The Parts of a Contract
41(11)
Caption or Heading
41(1)
Introductory Paragraph
41(1)
Recitals
42(2)
Definitions
44(1)
Substantive Provisions
45(1)
Housekeeping Provisions
45(5)
Signature Blocks
50(1)
Date
51(1)
Notarization
51(1)
An Appendix
51(1)
Amending Contracts
52(3)
Legislative Drafting
55(30)
Who Drafts Legislation?
55(1)
The Functions of the Legislative Drafter
56(3)
Legislation Compared to Private-Law Documents
59(11)
Nature and Size of the Audience
60(2)
The Need for Precision
62(1)
Policy Considerations
63(1)
The Need for Factual Data
64(1)
Political Considerations
64(1)
Fitting the Document Into an Existing Body of Law
65(1)
Legal Limits
66(3)
Legislative History
69(1)
Form, Style, and Usage
70(1)
The Parts of a Statute
70(7)
Title
71(1)
Enacting Clause
71(1)
Short Title Section
72(1)
Findings
72(1)
Definitions
73(1)
Substantive Provisions
73(1)
Enforcement Mechanisms
73(1)
Remedies or Penalties
74(1)
Housekeeping Provisions
75(2)
Amending Statutes
77(8)
When Are Amendments Drafted?
77(1)
The Parts of an Amendment
78(1)
What Amendments Do
79(3)
Amendments Changing a Judicial Interpretation or Construction
82(3)
The Rules of Interpretation
85(29)
Statutory Rules
86(2)
Common Law Rules
88(26)
Intent Controls
89(1)
The Plain Meaning or Four Corners Rule
89(2)
The Mischief Rule and Other Evidences of Intent
91(1)
Effect on Drafters
92(2)
The Rule of Strict Construction
94(1)
Criminal Statutes
94(1)
Statutes in Derogation of the Common Law
95(1)
Statutes Depriving a Court of Jurisdiction
95(1)
Statutes in Derogation of Sovereignty
96(1)
The Rule of Liberal Construction
97(1)
The Rule of Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius
97(3)
The Rule of Ejusdem Generis
100(2)
The Rule of Noscitur a Sociis
102(1)
The Rule of Reddendo Singula Singulis
103(1)
The Rule of Last Modification
104(1)
The Rule That Handwritten Words Prevail Over Typed or Printed Words
104(1)
The Rule That Written Amounts Prevail Over Arabic Number Amounts
105(1)
The Rule That Specific Statutes Prevail Over General Statutes
106(1)
The Borrowed Language Rule
106(1)
The Rule Favoring Agency Interpretation
107(1)
The Rule That a Document Must Be Read as a Whole
108(1)
The Rule of Construing Statutes in Pari Materia
108(2)
The Rule Disfavoring Repeals By Implication
110(1)
The Rule of Lex Posterior Derogat Priori
111(1)
The Rule of Construing a Document Against the Drafter
111(1)
The Rule of Adopting a Construction That Favors Validity
112(1)
The Rule Favoring the Construction of Contracts in a Manner Consistent With Public Policy
113(1)
Drafting Ethics
114(29)
Solicitation
114(2)
Advertising Specialization or Concentration
115(1)
Mass Mailings
115(1)
Solicitation of Former Clients, Family, and Friends
115(1)
Competence and Diligence
116(2)
Scope of Representation
118(5)
Objectives and Means
118(2)
Criminal, Fraudulent, and Prohibited Transactions
120(3)
Communication
123(1)
Fees
124(1)
Confidentiality
125(4)
Ethical Requirements
125(2)
Attorney-Client Privilege
127(2)
Conflict of Interest
129(8)
Representation Against a Current Client
129(5)
Representation Against a Former Client
134(1)
Imputed Disqualification
135(2)
Former Government Lawyer-Drafters
137(1)
Dealings With Third Parties
137(2)
Litigation Ethics
139(1)
Abetting the Unauthorized Practice of Law
140(1)
Providing Free Drafting Services
141(2)
An Overview
143(17)
Determine the Client's Objectives
143(2)
Identify the Audience
145(1)
Explore the Broader Legal and Factual Context of the Document
146(3)
Research the Law
149(1)
Determine Substance
150(1)
Get the Facts
151(1)
Identify the Proper Legal and Factual Concepts
152(1)
Develop an Organization
153(2)
Write the Document
155(3)
Ambiguities
155(1)
Rules of Style and Usage
156(1)
Definitions
156(1)
Terms Creating Legal Consequences
157(1)
Format
157(1)
Review the Document for Substance and Style
158(1)
Post-Execution Monitoring
159(1)
PART II. PREPARATION AND PLANNING
Getting Started
160(20)
Determine Client Objectives
160(9)
The Basic Question
160(2)
How the Information Is Used
162(2)
Objectives From a Variety of Perspectives
164(1)
Other Parties to the Transaction
164(1)
Scope of Anticipated Use
165(1)
Multiple-Client Objectives
166(2)
Evaluating Client Objectives
168(1)
Know the Audience
169(5)
Identify the Audience
170(1)
Characteristics of the Audience
171(2)
Accommodating the Various Audiences
173(1)
Determine the Context of the Document
174(6)
Legal Context
174(3)
Factual Context
177(3)
Drafting Within the Law
180(14)
Form
180(3)
Meaning
183(2)
Substance
185(4)
Prohibition
185(1)
Requirement
186(1)
Permission and Authorization
187(1)
Denial of Permission or Authorization
188(1)
Other Consequences
188(1)
Implied Terms
188(1)
Creating Legal Checklists
189(1)
Drafting With Statutory Language in Mind
190(4)
Determining Substance
194(24)
Types of Provisions
194(3)
Required
194(1)
Going to the Essence of the Transaction
195(1)
Extremely Important
196(1)
Optional
197(1)
Substantive Term Checklists
197(12)
Commercially Prepared
198(1)
Drafter Prepared
198(11)
The Elements of a Legal Rule
209(4)
The Person
209(1)
The Conduct
210(1)
The Object of the Action
210(1)
The Circumstances
210(1)
Consequences
211(2)
Substantive Gaps
213(5)
Choosing the Right Concept
218(20)
Definition
218(1)
The Importance of Concepts in Drafting
219(1)
Types of Concepts
219(18)
Legal Concepts
219(2)
Factual Concepts
221(1)
General Versus Specific
222(5)
Vague Versus Precise
227(7)
Abstract Versus Concrete
234(2)
Summary
236(1)
Choosing the Right Word to Reflect the Concept
237(1)
Organization
238(12)
Division
238(5)
Classification
243(2)
Sequence
245(5)
Chronological
245(2)
Importance
247(1)
Frequency of Occurrence
247(1)
Familiar Before Unfamiliar
247(1)
Rules Before Exceptions
248(1)
What Before How
248(1)
Substance Before Procedure
248(2)
PART III. DRAFTING TECHNIQUES
Avoiding Ambiguities
250(59)
Definition
250(1)
The Consequences of Ambiguity
250(2)
Types of Ambiguity
252(57)
Contextual Ambiguity
252(4)
Semantic Ambiguity
256(1)
Homonyms
257(2)
And
259(4)
Or
263(2)
And/Or
265(3)
Specific Dates
268(3)
Time Spans
271(2)
Days, Weeks, Months, and Years
273(3)
Bimonthly, biannually, bienially, semimonthly, and semiannually
276(1)
Hours
276(1)
Relational Words
277(1)
Ages
278(1)
Provided that
279(1)
Legalese
280(1)
Shall
281(1)
Among and between
282(1)
Syntactic Ambiguity
283(1)
Pronoun Reference
284(1)
Modifiers
285(5)
Participals
290(1)
Chain Prepositions
290(1)
Negative Pregnants
291(1)
If . . . then Sentences
291(4)
Because Clauses
295(1)
Unless Clauses
295(2)
Only
297(1)
Truncated Passive
298(1)
Which and that
299(2)
Plural Nouns
301(2)
Commas and Semi-Colons
303(6)
Drafting Style & Usage
309(65)
Consistency
309(6)
Consistent Terminology
310(1)
Consistent Grammatical Structure
311(2)
Consistent Document Structure and Approach
313(2)
Concision
315(33)
Unnecessary Content
315(1)
Repetitious Substance
316(2)
Redundant Couplets, Triplets, and Other Chain Synonyms
318(7)
Other Redundant Expressions
325(1)
Legalese
326(5)
Compound Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases
331(3)
The fact that
334(1)
Rhetorical and Transitional Words and Phrases
335(2)
Of the Phrases
337(1)
Unnecessary who's, which's, and that's
338(2)
Redundant Numeration
340(2)
Expletives
342(1)
Nominalizations
343(2)
Passive Voice
345(1)
To be Verbs
346(2)
Clarity and Simplicity
348(18)
Short Sentences
348(1)
Simple Sentence Structure
348(3)
Present Tense
351(1)
Simple, Ordinary Words
351(4)
Terms of Art
355(2)
Technical and Trade Terms
357(2)
Foreign Words and Phrases
359(1)
Words Ending in -ee and -or
360(1)
Compound Adjectives and Noun Phrases
360(1)
Unconventional Capitalization
361(1)
Unusual Word Order
361(1)
Positive Versus Negative Expression
362(1)
Exceptions
363(1)
Personal Pronouns
364(1)
Split Infinitives
365(1)
Gender Specific Language
366(8)
Definitions
374(31)
General Principles of Usage
375(9)
Terms With Established Meanings
376(1)
Terms of Art and Technical Terms
376(1)
Humpty-Dumpty Definitions
377(2)
Circular Definitions
379(1)
One-Shot Definitions
380(2)
Definitional Mazes
382(2)
Substantive Matters
384(3)
Definitions Incorporated By Reference
387(1)
Types of Definitions and Terminology
388(10)
Vest Pocket Definitions
388(2)
Full Definitions
390(3)
Partial Definitions
393(1)
Enlarging Definitions
393(1)
Limiting Definitions
394(1)
Combining Full and Partial Definitions
395(1)
Examples
396(2)
Methodology
398(2)
Use More Familiar Terms
398(1)
Use More Precise Terms
398(1)
Identify Components
398(1)
Identify Specific Referents
399(1)
Indicate Relationship to a Larger Unit
399(1)
Location
400(1)
When to Draft Definitions
401(1)
Testing Definitions
402(3)
Terms Creating Legal Consequences
405(28)
The Importance of These Terms
405(1)
Identifying and Creating the Appropriate Legal Consequences
406(1)
The Lack of Uniformity
407(3)
The Suggested Conventions
410(19)
Duties
410(1)
Statutory Duties
410(3)
Privately Created Duties
413(1)
Negation of Duties
414(2)
Rights
416(1)
Negation of Rights
417(1)
Surrendering Rights or Causes of Action
418(1)
Privileges
419(2)
Negation of Privileges
421(1)
Immunity
422(1)
Conditions
422(1)
Definition and Types
422(3)
Terminology
425(1)
Exceptions
426(1)
Terms of Assurance or Warranty
427(1)
Disclaimer of Warranties
428(1)
Legal Import
429(1)
Summary
429(2)
When Not to Follow These Conventions
431(2)
Document Typography and Layout
433(22)
Physical Appearance
433(8)
White Space
434(1)
Type Size and Font
434(2)
All Capitals and Underlining
436(1)
Line Length
437(3)
Justification
440(1)
Line Spacing
440(1)
Blank Spaces
441(1)
Text
441(14)
Table of Contents
442(1)
Numbered Pages
442(1)
Numbered or Lettered Paragraph Headings
443(2)
Lists
445(1)
Enumerations
446(4)
Tabbing
450(1)
Charts and Graphs
451(2)
Computations
453(2)
Reviewing and Revising Drafted Documents
455(19)
Prepare a Flowchart
456(9)
Review for Substance
465(3)
Review By the Drafter
465(1)
Review By Someone Else
466(1)
Preparing a Summary
467(1)
Review By the Client
468(1)
Review for Style and Usage
468(6)
Proofread the Document
474

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