'A' Level Law,9780406924056

'A' Level Law

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Edition: 4th
ISBN13: 9780406924056
ISBN10: 0406924058
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2005-02-17
Publisher(s): Oxford University Press
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Summary

The writers' aim is to make A Level study of Law an enjoyable and stimulating experience. Therefore the book does not just describe the law, it discusses its practical workings, the theories on which it is based and the problems to which it gives rise. The study of law should also be exciting. Law is not just about rules; it is about argument, and throughout the text students are encouraged to consider the arguments that surround the controversial issues in the law.

Table of Contents

Table of statutes xxxi
Table of cases xxxvii
PART I The legal system
CHAPTER 1 The legal system
3(18)
Summary
3(1)
Legal systems
3(1)
Why rules?
3(1)
What makes a legal system?
4(2)
Professor Hart: primary and secondary rules
4(1)
Concepts of morality and justice
5(1)
Legal systems and the principles of morality and justice
5(1)
Professor Hart: law must be separated from questions of morality or justice
6(1)
Lon Fuller: law and morality not so neatly severed
6(1)
The ideal legal system
6(1)
The English legal system
7(2)
The centralised nature of the system
7(1)
Common Law: the modem pattern
8(1)
The significance of the centralised system
8(1)
Challenges to the centralised system
9(1)
Human Rights Act 1998
9(1)
Equity and the law-making role of the judges
9(2)
Common law and equity
9(1)
Equity - 'fairness'
10(1)
The need of a new equity
11(1)
Lay participation in the system
11(3)
The magistracy
11(1)
The jury
12(1)
Jury: defending individual liberty
12(1)
The significance of lay participation
13(1)
The future of lay participation: Auld Report October 2001
14(1)
Judicial independence and autonomy of the law
14(3)
Act of Settlement 1701: judicial independence
15(1)
'declaratory theory'
15(1)
AV Dicey: the rule of law
16(1)
Controlling and reviewing actions of the executive: judicial review
16(1)
The most secure rights are those derived from remedies
17(1)
Postscript: the judicial challenges of the 21st century
17(4)
Judicial independence
18(1)
The Pinochet case
18(3)
CHAPTER 2 The structure of the English legal system
21(27)
Summary
21(1)
External relationships: the legal system and the constitution
21(7)
Parliament and the legal system
22(2)
House of Lords: legislative and judicial function
23(1)
Reform: Government White Paper November 2001
23(1)
The executive and the legal system
24(1)
The Lord Chancellor
24(1)
The Attorney-General
24(1)
The Home Secretary
25(1)
The European Communities and the legal system
25(1)
Precedence of Community Law
25(1)
European Court of Justice: court of reference
26(1)
The European Convention on Human Rights and the Human Rights Act 1998
26(2)
The European Convention on Human Rights: key provisions
27(1)
Internal relationships: courts, judges and lawyers
28(16)
Courts having criminal jurisdiction
28(4)
Magistrates' courts
28(1)
Youth courts
28(1)
Appeal from a criminal trial in the magistrates' court
28(1)
Challenging the decisions of the magistrates' court: Judicial Review
29(1)
The Crown Court
29(1)
Trial on Indictment
30(1)
The Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)
30(1)
The House of Lords
30(1)
The Gillick Case
31(1)
Courts having civil jurisdiction
32(4)
The High Court
32(2)
The county court
34(1)
Magistrates' courts
35(1)
Tribunals
35(1)
Courts having influence but no jurisdiction
36(2)
The Privy Council
37(1)
The European Court of Human Rights
37(1)
The European Court of Justice (ECJ)
37(1)
The Judges
38(4)
Continental legal systems: career judges
39(1)
Lords of Appeal in Ordinary
39(1)
Lords Justice of Appeal
39(1)
High Court Judges
40(1)
Circuit Judges
40(1)
District judges
41(1)
Recorders
41(1)
Tribunal Chairmen
41(1)
District Judges (Magistrates' Court)
41(1)
Lay tribunal members
41(1)
Lay magistrates
41(1)
Juries
42(1)
Arbitrators
42(1)
The lawyers
42(7)
Banisters
42(1)
Solicitors
43(1)
A divided legal profession
43(1)
Crown Prosecutors
43(1)
Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP)
43(1)
Para-legals
44(1)
Postscript: who is in charge of the administration of the court system?
44(4)
CHAPTER 3 Civil process
48(37)
Summary
48(1)
Civil Justice Process: dealing with civil claims
48(1)
Civil claims come in all shapes and sizes
49(10)
The adversarial process
49(1)
Inquisitorial procedure
50(1)
Civil procedure: justice and fairness?
50(4)
The 'old' civil justice system
50(1)
Problems created by the adversarial process
51(1)
Disproportionately high costs
51(1)
Costs rules and payment into court
51(1)
Inadequate pre-trial exchange of evidence
52(1)
Unregulated use of expert evidence
53(1)
Psychological pressure on the victim
53(1)
Finding solutions: background to the Woolf Report
54(1)
The Civil Justice Review
54(1)
Access to Justice 1996
54(1)
The 1999 civil justice reforms: key elements
54(5)
Overview of the new Civil Procedure Rules
54(1)
Civil Procedure Rules drafted in 'plain English'
55(1)
Practice Directions
55(1)
Sanctions for non-compliance
56(1)
Expert evidence: new restrictions
56(1)
Pre-action protocols
56(1)
Forms - documents - information website
57(1)
New General Protocol
57(1)
Judicial case-management
57(1)
Track allocation
57(1)
Allocation questionnaire
58(1)
Personal injury litigation
59(7)
Pre-trial procedure
59(1)
Deciding to start legal proceedings
59(3)
Advice
60(1)
The evidence
60(1)
Financial viability
61(1)
Negotiation and settlement
61(1)
Personal Injury pre-action protocol
62(1)
Going to court
63(1)
CPR Part 7 Claim Form
63(1)
Particulars of claim
63(1)
Statement of truth
63(1)
Claim form 'served on' the defendant
64(1)
The trial process
64(2)
The evidence
64(1)
Application of the new rules to witness statements expert evidence
65(1)
Questioning the witnesses
65(1)
Judgment
65(1)
Appeals
66(1)
Comments on the new civil justice system
66(4)
A shift away from the adversarial system
67(1)
Is Judicial Case Management proving to be effective?
67(1)
Are the interests of justice being served by the new reforms?
68(1)
Offer to settle - benefits the weaker party
68(1)
Are parties to a small claim 'on an equal footing'?
68(1)
Problems with enforcement in the small claims procedure
69(1)
Are constant amendments and frequent updates to the new rules leading to complexity?
69(1)
Electronic services in the civil justice system
69(1)
Civil Justice Council
70(1)
An alternative to reforming the system of personal injury litigation?
70(1)
Other tort claims
70(1)
Contract claims
71(6)
Debt claims
71(1)
Obtaining damages and enforcing judgment
72(1)
Enforcement in debt claims
72(1)
Attachment of earnings
72(1)
Other responses to enforcing judgment debts
73(1)
Review of enforcement
73(1)
Large disputed claims
73(1)
Commercial arbitration
74(1)
Small claims
75(2)
Possibility of having a paper adjudication
75(1)
Complex claims: transferred to the fast-track procedure
75(1)
Advantages of the small claims process
75(1)
Dilemma in respect of legal representation
76(1)
Arbitration follows an adversarial process: illustration of the problem
76(1)
Small claims: other possible solutions
76(1)
Tribunal process
77(3)
Franks Committee 1957, 'openness, fairness and impartiality'
78(1)
The Leggatt Report 2001, Tribunals for Users
78(1)
Tribunals: adjudicate on a wide range of issues
78(1)
A unified Tribunal Service?
79(1)
Employment tribunals
79(1)
Postscript: civil process and the Opren case
80(5)
The evidence
81(1)
Costs
81(4)
CHAPTER 4 Criminal process
85(36)
Summary
85(1)
Introduction
85(1)
Who can start criminal proceedings?
86(2)
The power to stop and search
88(1)
The power of arrest
89(1)
Arrest under warrant
89(1)
Arrest without a warrant under statute
89(1)
Arrest without a warrant at common law
90(1)
Powers of entry, search and seizure
90(2)
Powers to detain and question suspects
92(2)
Evaluation of PACE
94(1)
Bail from the police station
94(1)
The decision to prosecute
95(2)
Magistrates
97(3)
History
98(1)
Social background
98(1)
Inconsistency
99(1)
Justification
99(1)
Appearance before the magistrates
100(1)
The Criminal Courts Review
101(1)
Bail from the court
101(3)
Summary trial
104(2)
Committal proceedings
106(1)
Plea bargaining
107(2)
Trial on indictment
109(1)
The role of the jury
110(5)
The jury's independence
110(1)
Eligibility for jury service
111(1)
Composition of the jury
111(1)
Jury vetting
112(1)
Acquittal rate
113(1)
Reforms to trial by jury: the Auld proposals
114(1)
Appeals
115(3)
New evidence
115(1)
Miscarriages of justice
116(1)
Prosecution right of appeal
117(1)
Conclusion
118(1)
Postscript: the right to silence
119(1)
Further reading
120(1)
CHAPTER 5 Legal services
121(26)
Summary
121(1)
The legal profession
121(11)
The Bar
121(2)
Solicitors
123(1)
The social background and training of lawyers
124(1)
Monopolies and restrictive practices
125(7)
The division between barristers and solicitors
125(3)
Rights of audience
128(2)
Conveyancing
130(1)
Multi-disciplinary practices
131(1)
The state funding of legal services
132(5)
The position before the Access to Justice Act 1999
132(1)
The legal advice and assistance scheme
132(1)
Legal aid in civil proceedings
133(1)
Legal aid in criminal proceedings
134(2)
Duty solicitor schemes in court
136(1)
Duty solicitor schemes in police stations
136(1)
The unmet need for legal services
137(6)
The provision of legal services outside the profession - the rise of law centres
138(1)
Other organisations providing legal advice
139(1)
The position since the Access to Justice Act 1999
140(3)
Background
140(1)
The Community Legal Service (www.justask.org.uk)
141(1)
The Criminal Defence Service
141(1)
Conditional Fee Agreements
142(1)
Alternative methods of financing civil litigation
143(1)
Conclusion
143(1)
Postscript: Will the 'unmet need' now be met?
144(1)
Further reading
145(2)
CHAPTER 6 Sources of law
147(28)
Summary
147(1)
Common law reasoning
147(15)
Case law as binding precedent
148(1)
Ratio decidendi
148(1)
Finding the ratio
149(1)
Selecting the ratio is an on-going process
149(1)
The ratio of a case is not like the DNA of a cell
150(1)
The ratio of Rylands v Fletcher (1868)
150(1)
What was the ratio of the decision?
150(1)
'Three possibilities?
150(1)
Which of these three contestants would emerge as the winner?
151(1)
Distinguishing cases and defining obiter dictum
151(2)
Distinguishing cases
151(1)
Discretion in selecting the ratios
152(1)
Obiter dictum - a statement of law which is not part of the ratio of the judgment
152(1)
Multiple ratios and judgments
153(1)
Conclusion
153(1)
Stare decisis
153(5)
Higher binds lower
154(1)
Overruling a ratio
154(1)
Reversing a decision
154(1)
Conflicting ratios
154(1)
Respect for same level ratios
155(1)
Practice Direction 1966
156(1)
The rule in Young v Bristol Aeroplane Co Ltd
157(1)
'per incuriam'
157(1)
Lord Denning: attempts to escape the constraints of stare decisis
158(1)
Case law as justification
158(3)
McLoughlin v O'Brian (1982)
159(1)
Lord Wilberforce: applied previous case law
160(1)
Lord Scarman: emphasised the importance of principle
160(1)
Donoghue v Stevenson (1932)
161(1)
The principles of equity
161(1)
Contribution made to our law by the principles of equity
162(1)
Conclusion: principles, policy and pragmatism
162(1)
Statutory interpretation
162(10)
Statutes: drafted to make clear rules for future conduct
162(1)
Statutes: difficulties with drafting
163(1)
Example: R v Bloxham (1982)
163(1)
Bloxham: an illustration of the 'rules'
164(1)
Approaches to interpretation
164(5)
Internal aids
164(1)
Since 1998: explanatory notes produced
165(1)
'Rules of Language'
165(1)
External aids
166(1)
Legislative background of the statute
166(1)
What about Parliamentary debates?
166(1)
Pepper v Hart: reference to debates allowed in certain circumstances
167(1)
Social background of a statute
167(1)
Presumptions of interpretation
168(1)
The international background to legislation
168(1)
European Convention on Human Rights: The Human Rights Act 1998
169(1)
Problems and rules
169(3)
'Rules of statutory interpretation'
169(1)
Lord Denning: 'filling in the gaps'
170(1)
Lord Simonds: 'a naked usurpation of the legislative function'
170(1)
An illustration of he process and the problems
171(1)
Were these abortions unlawful?
171(1)
Postscript: errors and attempts
172(3)
Anderton v Ryan (1985)
173(1)
What can be learnt from this episode?
174(1)
CHAPTER 7 The law-making process
175(20)
Summary
175(1)
Custom
175(1)
Judge-made law
176(1)
Legislation
176(1)
Legislative law-making
177(6)
Parliament: types of legislation
177(6)
Private Act of Parliament
178(1)
Private Members' Bill
178(1)
'Consolidation' Act
178(1)
Delegated legislation
178(1)
Pressures producing legislation
179(2)
Permanent law reform bodies
181(2)
European law
183(3)
The European Communities
183(1)
Regulations are directly applicable
183(1)
Directives require each member state to achieve a particular result within a set time limit
183(1)
The four institutions of the European Union
184(1)
European Assembly (Parliament): no legislative power
184(1)
Council of Ministers: the major legislative power
184(1)
The Commission: responsible for the day to day running of the Community/formulating new policies/enforcing Community laws
184(1)
European Court of Justice (ECJ)
185(1)
Pressures producing community legislation
185(1)
The Products Liability Directive: an illustration
185(1)
Judicial law-making
186(6)
Constitutional limits
186(1)
Nature of the law
187(2)
Gillick v West Norfolk Health Authority (1985)
188(1)
The tube fares case
188(1)
The characteristics of case law
189(1)
Unpredictability
189(1)
Legislation applies prospectively
190(1)
Limited evidence
190(1)
Incremental nature
191(1)
Postscript: reform of medical accident compensation
192(3)
What about judicial reform?
193(2)
'defensive medicine'
194(1)
The European Community as a source of change
194(1)
CHAPTER 8 Understanding law
195(26)
Summary
195(1)
What does law do?
195(12)
Dispute resolution
196(3)
Balancing interests
197(1)
Balancing competing claims
198(1)
Economic approach
198(1)
Regulatory framework
199(6)
Contracts: an example of Llewellyn's point
200(1)
Regulatory framework provided by legislation
200(1)
The concept of a right
200(2)
Legal personality
202(1)
The importance of policy
203(1)
Corporate personality
203(1)
Limited liability
204(1)
Changes in the character of corporations
205(1)
Allocation of authority and setting goals
205(1)
Maintaining social values
205(1)
'Socialising' processes
206(1)
Why is law accepted?
207(5)
Marxism and law as power
207(3)
What are the implications of this theory for the role of law?
207(1)
How does the law contribute towards the dominant ideology?
208(1)
How accurate an explanation of the relationship of law, ideology and society is that provided by Marxist analysis?
208(1)
Functional explanations
209(1)
Weber and the rational domination of law
210(1)
Weber's analysis neglects the relationship between that individual and his society
210(1)
Law and morality
210(2)
If the morality of a legal system is central to its acceptance by the people, what of the justice of individual laws?
211(1)
How should law be evaluated?
212(3)
Utilitarian theory
212(1)
Jeremy Bentham
212(1)
John Stuart Mill
212(1)
Judge Richard Posner
213(1)
Rights theories
213(2)
John Rawls
213(1)
Rawls requires us to play a game
214(1)
What would we agree?
214(1)
Critics of Rawls
214(1)
Postscript: the Tony Bland case
215(6)
Lord Hoffmann: the moral equation
215(1)
The Law Lords and the patient's best interests
216(1)
Experts: divided opinion
217(1)
The Human Rights Act 1998: R v DPP (respondent), ex p Dianne Pretty (2001)
217(1)
Understanding law
218(3)
PART II Criminal law
CHAPTER 9 General principles of criminal law
221(4)
Criminal liability
221(1)
Historical context
222(1)
Sources
222(1)
Codification of criminal law
223(1)
Definitions
223(1)
Actus reus and mens rea
223(2)
CHAPTER 10 The physical elements of a crime
225(16)
The physical element: the actus reus
225(1)
A package
226(1)
A voluntary act
227(2)
Duress
227(1)
Automatism
228(1)
State of affairs crimes
229(1)
Crimes of omission
230(2)
A contractual duty
230(1)
A statutory obligation
230(1)
Assumption of duty
231(1)
Minimising your own act
231(1)
Causation
232(9)
An example
232(1)
A matter for the jury
233(1)
Possible tests
234(1)
Improper medical treatment
235(1)
Life-support machines
236(1)
Frightening your victim
237(4)
CHAPTER 11 The mental element of a crime
241(18)
The mental element : mens rea
241(1)
Intention and recklessness
241(1)
Dishonesty
242(1)
Murder and manslaughter
242(2)
Motive
244(1)
Illustrative case law
244(1)
Intention
245(2)
Proof of the intention
247(3)
The 'Nedrick direction'
248(1)
Section 8 of the Criminal Justice Act 1967
248(1)
Specific or ulterior intent
249(1)
Transferred malice
249(1)
Recklessness
250(4)
Objective or subjective
250(1)
The House of Lord's decisions
251(2)
Three case studies
253(1)
Strict liability
254(2)
Public safety
255(1)
Drugs offences
256(1)
Coincidence of actus reus and mens rea
256(1)
Continuing actus reus
257(2)
CHAPTER 12 The crime of murder
259(12)
Homicide
259(1)
Murder: the actus reus
260(2)
The act
260(1)
Indirect acts
261(1)
Separate assaults
261(1)
Concerted action
262(2)
A living human being
264(1)
The meaning of death
264(1)
The mens rea of murder
265(6)
Proof of mens rea
266(1)
Subsequent cases
267(2)
Aimed at someone
269(2)
CHAPTER 13 The crime of manslaughter
271(16)
Types of manslaughter
271(1)
Voluntary manslaughter
271(9)
Diminished responsibility
272(2)
Provocation
274(5)
Suicide pacts
279(1)
Involuntary manslaughter
280(7)
Unlawful act manslaughter
280(3)
Gross negligence manslaughter
283(4)
CHAPTER 14 Non-fatal offences
287(10)
Sources
287(1)
Assault and battery
287(3)
Assault
288(1)
Assault occasioning actual bodily harm
289(1)
Mens rea of s 47 offence
289(1)
Malicious wounding
290(2)
The injury
290(1)
Maliciously
291(1)
Causing grievous bodily harm
292(1)
Sexual offences
293(4)
Rape
293(1)
The act of penetration
293(1)
Marital rape
293(1)
Mens rea of rape
294(1)
Reform
294(1)
Consent
295(2)
CHAPTER 15 Theft
297(20)
Introduction
297(1)
The Theft Act 1968: Theft
297(1)
Obtaining by deception
298(1)
Making off without payment
298(2)
Theft: the actus reus
300(6)
Appropriation
300(1)
The case law controversy
300(2)
The House of Lords cases
302(1)
Appropriation and gifts
303(1)
The preferable view
303(1)
Assumption of the rights of the owner
304(1)
Some further examples
305(1)
Appropriation further defined
306(1)
Property
306(1)
Land or fixtures
307(1)
Exceptional cases where land can be stolen
307(1)
Wild fruit and animals
308(1)
Lost or abandoned property
308(1)
Belonging to another
309(1)
Mortgage frauds
309(1)
Embezzlement
310(1)
Property got by mistake
311(1)
Mens rea of theft
312(1)
Proof of the dishonesty
313(1)
Willingness to pay
313(1)
Defences to dishonesty
313(1)
Permanently to deprive
314(1)
Robbery
315(1)
Burglary
316(1)
CHAPTER 16 General defences
317(24)
Introduction
317(1)
Substantive defence
317(1)
Burden of proof
318(1)
Voluntary manslaughter
319(1)
The age of responsibility
319(1)
Mental abnormality
319(5)
Unfitness to plead
320(1)
Insanity
320(1)
McNaghten Rules
320(1)
Disease of the mind
321(1)
Some case law illustrations
321(2)
Hyperglycaemia and sleep-walking
323(1)
Defect of reason
323(1)
Nature and quality of the act
323(1)
Did not know that what he was doing was wrong
324(1)
Intoxication
324(5)
Alcohol
324(4)
Drugs
328(1)
Duress
329(3)
The objective element
329(1)
Nature of the threat
330(1)
Types of crimes
331(1)
The effect of the defence
332(1)
Necessity
332(2)
Limits of the defence
334(1)
Mitigation
334(1)
Mistake
334(1)
Honest or reasonable?
335(1)
Consent
335(2)
Marital rape
335(1)
Physical assaults
336(1)
Sports
336(1)
Other consents
337(1)
Self-defence
337(2)
Use of excessive force
337(1)
Mistaken self-defence
338(1)
Duty to retreat
338(1)
Defence of others
339(1)
Defence of property
340(1)
Prevention of crime
340(1)
Superior orders
340(1)
CHAPTER 17 Crime and society
341(20)
Summary
341(1)
The definition of crime
341(1)
Why are certain types of activity are regarded as criminal?
342(2)
Morality
342(1)
Social development
343(1)
The deviance perspective
344(1)
Theories of punishment
344(8)
Reductivism
345(4)
General deterrence
345(2)
Individual deterrence and reform
347(2)
Retribution
349(1)
'Just deserts'
350(1)
Denunciation
350(1)
Reparation
351(1)
Alternatives to prosecution for adults
352(3)
Police cautions
352(1)
Voluntary settlements
353(1)
Opportunities to remedy defects
353(1)
Fixed penalties
354(1)
Assessment
354(1)
Alternatives to prosecution for juveniles
355(1)
Victims
356(3)
Compensation and restitution orders
356(2)
The Criminal Injuries Compensation Board
358(1)
Victims support schemes
359(1)
Postscript: Dangerous offenders
359(1)
Further reading
360(1)
CHAPTER 18 The procedure and practice of sentencing
361(32)
Summary
361(1)
Information for sentencers
361(6)
Antecedents
362(1)
The prosecution's statement of the facts
363(1)
Pre-sentence report
363(2)
Medical reports
365(1)
Pleas in mitigation
365(1)
Victim impact statement
366(1)
Conclusion
366(1)
Powers of the criminal courts
367(13)
Imprisonment
367(1)
Suspended sentence of imprisonment
368(1)
Fine
369(1)
Community rehabilitation order
370(1)
Community punishment order
371(1)
Community punishment and rehabilitation order
372(1)
Curfew order
373(1)
Drug treatment and testing order
373(1)
Drug abstinence order
374(1)
Exclusion order
374(1)
Community sentence
374(1)
Deferment of sentence
375(1)
Absolute and conditional discharge
375(1)
Binding over to keep the peace or be of good behaviour
376(1)
Mental health order
376(1)
Sentences only available for offenders under 21
377(2)
Sentence of detention under s 91 of the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000
377(1)
Detention and training order
377(1)
Attendance centre order
378(1)
Supervision order
378(1)
Action plan order
379(1)
Parenting order
379(1)
Comment
379(1)
The practice of sentencing
380(7)
'Individualised' sentences
380(1)
Young offenders
380(1)
Intermediate recidivists
381(1)
Inadequate recidivists
381(1)
Offenders who need psychiatric treatment
381(1)
'Tariff' sentences
381(3)
Defining the range
381(1)
Proportionality
382(1)
Other sentencing principles
383(1)
Mitigating factors
383(1)
Examples of sentencing ranges
384(11)
Burglary
384(1)
Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm with intent to cause grievous bodily harm
385(1)
Rape
386(1)
The Sentencing Advisory Panel
387(1)
Conclusion
388(1)
Postscript: the Anglo-American obsession with imprisonment
389(1)
Further reading
390(3)
PART III The law of tort
CHAPTER 19 The nature of tort law
393(8)
The framework of tortious liability
394(1)
The aims of the law of torts
395(3)
Deterrence and prevention
396(1)
Compensation and justice
397(1)
Europe: wrongs and rights
398(1)
Summary
399(1)
Table: The Framework of Tortious Liability
400(1)
CHAPTER 20 Physical damage: fault and strict liability
401(26)
Intentional liability
401(2)
Negligence liability
403(16)
Carelessness
403(5)
Responsibility
408(4)
Factual responsibility
408(2)
Legal responsibility
410(2)
Duty of care
412(3)
Nervous shock
415(2)
Omissions
417(2)
Strict liability
419(6)
Common law strict liability
419(1)
Vicarious liability
420(1)
Breach of statutory duty
421(1)
Statutory strict liability
422(1)
The Consumer Protection Act 1987
423(1)
The Animals Act 1971
424(1)
Summary
425(2)
CHAPTER 21 Physical damage: defences and damages
427(18)
Defences
427(7)
Contributory negligence
427(3)
Consent
430(1)
Illegality
431(1)
Occupiers liability
432(2)
Limitation of actions
434(1)
Damages
434(8)
Pecuniary losses
435(2)
Earnings
435(1)
Expenses
436(1)
Compensating benefits
436(1)
Non-pecuniary losses
437(1)
Death of the victim
438(1)
Lump sum award
439(2)
Provisional awards
440(1)
Structured settlements
440(1)
State compensation
441(14)
No-fault compensation
442(1)
Summary
442(3)
CHAPTER 22 Economic loss
445(10)
Deliberately causing pure economic loss
445(1)
Negligently causing economic loss
446(2)
Assumption of responsibility
448(3)
Disclaimers and concurrent liability
451(1)
Strict liability for pure economic loss
452(1)
Summary
453(2)
CHAPTER 23 Interference with the use of land
455(12)
The framework of protection
455(10)
Trespass to land
455(2)
Private nuisance
457(3)
Defences
459(1)
Negligence and nuisance
460(1)
Public nuisance
461(1)
Rylands v Fletcher
462(23)
Defences
465(1)
Summary
465(2)
CHAPTER 24 Infringement of personality
467(10)
Defamation and the protection of reputation
467(4)
Negligence and the protection of reputation
471(1)
Privacy
472(1)
Autonomy
472(1)
Summary
473(4)
PART IV Contract
CHAPTER 25 What contract law is all about
477(6)
Why should contracts be enforced?
478(1)
Contractual behaviour
479(1)
Freedom of contract
480(1)
Summary
481(2)
CHAPTER 26 How contracts are made
483(34)
The place of writing
483(2)
Agreement, consideration and intention to create legal reasons
485(20)
Agreement
485(12)
The meaning of 'agreement'
485(3)
Offer and acceptance: offer
488(1)
Offer and acceptance: acceptance
489(1)
Offer and acceptance: communication of acceptance
490(1)
Offer and acceptance: certainty
491(3)
Termination of offers
494(2)
Some special cases
496(1)
Consideration
497(6)
Introduction
497(1)
'Past' consideration
498(1)
Consideration must move from the promisee
499(1)
Adequacy and sufficiency of consideration
500(3)
Intention to create legal relations
503(2)
Privity of contract
505(7)
Statement of doctrine
505(2)
Some exceptions to privity of contract
507(4)
Land law
507(1)
Trusts
507(1)
Other property transactions
508(1)
Insurance
508(1)
Enforcement by the other contracting party
509(2)
The Contract (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999
511(1)
Agency
512(3)
Who is an agent?
513(1)
The authority of the agent
513(1)
Ratification
514(1)
Undisclosed principals
514(1)
Warranty of authority
515(1)
Summary
515(2)
CHAPTER 27 Discovering what the contract is
517(26)
Terms of the contract
517(6)
Express terms
517(3)
Implied terms
520(3)
Relative importance of terms
523(2)
Misrepresentation
525(7)
The nature of misrepresentation
525(2)
The position of silence
527(1)
Types of misrepresentation
528(1)
Remedies for misrepresentation
529(6)
Rescission
529(1)
Damages
530(2)
Common mistake
532(2)
Rectification of written documents
534(1)
Frustration
535(7)
When are contracts frustrated?
536(8)
Physical impossibility
536(1)
Subsequent legal impossibility
537(1)
Partial impossibility
537(1)
Frustration of the venture
537(1)
Foreseen and unforeseen events
538(1)
Leases
538(1)
Self-induced frustration
539(1)
Effects of frustration
540(2)
Summary
542(1)
CHAPTER 28 Remedies
543(20)
Introduction
543(1)
Withholding performance, termination and cancellation. The order of performance
544(7)
Claims by those who have performed defectively
545(2)
Termination
547(4)
Damages
551(4)
Types of loss
551(1)
Remoteness of damage
552(3)
Reasonableness, mitigation and causation
555(2)
Agreed damages
557(1)
Specific performance and injunction
558(3)
Actions for contractual sums
561(1)
Quasi contractual actions
561(1)
Summary
561(2)
CHAPTER 29 Interference by the law with freedom of contract
563(18)
Introduction
563(1)
Duress, undue influence, inequality of bargaining power
564(3)
Exemption clauses
567(1)
Common law controls
568(1)
Legislative controls
569(5)
Types of control
570(1)
Reasonableness
571(2)
The European Directive
573(1)
Illegality
574(6)
What are the illegal contracts?
576(2)
The effects of illegality
578(2)
Summary
580(1)
CHAPTER 30 Variation, waiver and determination by agreement
581(6)
Introduction
581(1)
Variation
582(1)
Waiver
583(1)
Promissory estoppel
583(2)
Summary
585(2)
CHAPTER 31 Consumer protection
587(6)
Introduction
587(1)
Implied terms
588(1)
Law of tort
589(1)
Criminal law
590(1)
Summary
591(2)
Index 593

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