Natural Gas Measurement Handbook,9781933762005

Natural Gas Measurement Handbook

by
ISBN13: 9781933762005
ISBN10: 1933762004
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2006-10-15
Publisher(s): Gulf Pub Co
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Summary

Natural gas is becoming an increasingly important component of our world's energy supply as more and more countries turn to natural gas as one of their main sources of energy. Along with its companion, 'The Natural Gas Engineering Handbook', these books form the basic library for any engineer working with natural gas today.

Table of Contents

List of Tables xi
List of Figures xiii
Preface xix
Symbols xxi
Unit Conversions xxvii
1 Introduction
1(18)
1.1 Transportation System
2(7)
1.2 Measurement
9(3)
1.3 Fluid Classification, Commercial
12(2)
1.4 Material Quality
14(1)
1.5 Risk Management
15(4)
2 Composition and Quality
19(20)
2.1 Assay
20(2)
2.2 Quality Parameters and Tolerances
22(4)
2.3 Potential Impacts of Gas Quality
26(3)
2.4 Typical Streams
29(10)
3 Physical Properties and Process Conditions
39(40)
3.1 Natural Gas
39(3)
3.2 Fluid Classification: Technical
42(1)
3.3 Phase Envelope
43(4)
3.4 Fluid Properties
47(7)
3.5 Process (or Operating) Conditions
54(11)
3.6 Typical Natural Gas Physical Properties
65(14)
4 Measurement Concepts
79(32)
4.1 Applicable Fluids
80(1)
4.2 Base Conditions
80(1)
4.3 Flowmeters (or Primary Devices)
81(1)
4.4 Flowmeter Calibration Concepts
82(6)
4.5 Law of Similarity
88(4)
4.6 Single-Phase Fluid Flow in Pipes
92(10)
4.7 Multiphase Fluid Flow in Pipes
102(5)
4.8 Secondary Devices
107(1)
4.9 Tertiary Device
108(1)
4.10 Uncertainty
108(2)
4.11 Total Cost of Measurement
110(1)
5 Orifice Flowmeter
111(24)
5.1 General Principles
111(4)
5.2 Mass Flow Equation
115(6)
5.3 Artifact Calibration
121(4)
5.4 Uncertainty Roadmap
125(4)
5.5 Sources of Error
129(1)
5.6 Risk Management
129(6)
6 Ultrasonic Flowmeter
135(28)
6.1 General Principles
135(4)
6.2 Mass Flow Equation
139(2)
6.3 Central Facility Calibration
141(1)
6.4 In Situ Calibration
142(1)
6.5 Uncertainty Roadmap
143(5)
6.6 Sources of Error
148(10)
6.7 Risk Management
158(5)
7 Turbine Flowmeter
163(14)
7.1 General Principles
163(3)
7.2 Mass Flow Equation
166(1)
7.3 Central Facility Calibration
166(1)
7.4 In Situ Calibration
167(1)
7.5 Uncertainty Roadmap
168(5)
7.6 Sources of Error
173(1)
7.7 Risk Management
174(3)
8 Rotary Displacement Flowmeter
177(14)
8.1 General Principles
177(3)
8.2 Mass Flow Equation
180(1)
8.3 Central Facility Calibration
181(1)
8.4 In Situ Calibration
182(1)
8.5 Uncertainty Roadmap
183(4)
8.6 Sources of Error
187(1)
8.7 Risk Management
188(3)
9 Calculations
191(44)
9.1 Base Conditions
191(1)
9.2 Physical Properties
192(10)
9.3 Natural Gas Density
202(7)
9.4 GPA 2172 versus A.G.A.8
209(5)
9.5 Mass Flow Rate in Pipes
214(1)
9.6 Mass Flow Rate for Orifice Flowmeter
215(7)
9.7 Mass Flow Rate for Ultrasonic Flowmeter
222(5)
9.8 Mass Flow Rate for Turbine Flowmeter
227(3)
9.9 Mass Flow Rate for Rotary Displacement Flowmeter
230(1)
9.10 Volumetric Flow Rate at Base Conditions
231(1)
9.11 Energy Flow Rate at Base Conditions
231(2)
9.12 Quantities
233(2)
10 Secondary and Tertiary Devices 235(44)
10.1 General
236(12)
10.2 Differential Pressure (dP)
248(3)
10.3 Static Pressure
251(2)
10.4 Temperature
253(2)
10.5 Multivariable Transmitter
255(2)
10.6 Online Densitometer
257(2)
10.7 Moisture Analyzer
259(4)
10.8 Online Gas Chromatograph
263(5)
10.9 Other Analyzers
268(1)
10.10 Flow Computers
269(1)
10.11 Gas Sampling Systems
270(9)
11 Electronic Gas Measurement 279(20)
11.1 Description of an Electronic Gas Measurement System
279(1)
11.2 System Accuracy
280(1)
11.3 Definitions
281(1)
11.4 Sampling Flow Variables
282(1)
11.5 Low Flow Detection
282(1)
11.6 Averaging Techniques
282(1)
11.7 Compressibility, Density, and Heating Values
282(1)
11.8 Hourly and Daily Quantity Calculations
283(1)
11.9 Data Availability
283(3)
11.10 Audit and Reporting Requirements
286(8)
11.11 Equipment Verification, Calibration, and Certification
294(2)
11.12 Security
296(3)
12 Uncertainty 299(20)
12.1 Uncertainty Terms
301(2)
12.2 Measurement Uncertainty
303(4)
12.3 Examples of Flowmeter Uncertainties
307(5)
12.4 Statistical Weighting
312(7)
13 Measurement System Design 319(34)
13.1 Targeted Uncertainty
319(1)
13.2 Fluid Physical Properties
320(1)
13.3 Operating Design Data
320(1)
13.4 Other Process Conditions
321(1)
13.5 General Equipment Redundancy
322(2)
13.6 Site Requirements
324(1)
13.7 Structures
325(1)
13.8 Piping Requirements
326(3)
13.9 Pressure Regulation and Control
329(1)
13.10 Flare and Vent Facilities
330(1)
13.11 Overpressure Protection
330(1)
13.12 Thermal Relief Valves
331(1)
13.13 Headers
331(1)
13.14 Strainers
332(1)
13.15 DB&B Valves
333(1)
13.16 Check Valves
334(1)
13.17 Pulsation Control
334(1)
13.18 Primary Device
334(1)
13.19 Secondary Devices
335(9)
13.20 Tertiary Device (Flow Computer)
344(1)
13.21 Control Valves
345(1)
13.22 Wiring and Grounding
345(2)
13.23 Measurement Control Panel
347(1)
13.24 Power Supplies
347(1)
13.25 Satellite Panels
348(1)
13.26 Supervisory Control and Leak Detection
348(1)
13.27 Security
349(1)
13.28 Factory Acceptance Testing
350(1)
13.29 Dewatering, Cleaning, and Drying
350(1)
13.30 Commissioning
351(2)
14 Orifice Flowmeter Design 353(8)
14.1 General
353(1)
14.2 Velocity and Piping Insulation
354(1)
14.3 Strainers
355(1)
14.4 Flowmeter Assembly
355(3)
14.5 Flowmeter, Mechanical
358(1)
14.6 Piping Spools, Mechanical
358(1)
14.7 Secondary and Tertiary Devices
358(3)
15 Ultrasonic Flowmeter Design 361(10)
15.1 General
361(2)
15.2 Velocity and Piping Insulation
363(1)
15.3 Acoustic Filter
363(1)
15.4 Flowmeter Assembly
363(3)
15.5 Flowmeter, Mechanical
366(1)
15.6 Piping Spools, Mechanical
367(1)
15.7 Flowmeter: SPU, Electrical, and Software
367(2)
15.8 Secondary and Tertiary Devices
369(2)
16 Turbine Flowmeter Design 371(8)
16.1 General
371(1)
16.2 Velocity and Piping Insulation
372(1)
16.3 Strainer and Lubrication
373(1)
16.4 Flowmeter Assembly
373(2)
16.5 Flowmeter, Mechanical
375(1)
16.6 Piping Spools, Mechanical
375(1)
16.7 Flowmeter: SPU, Electrical, and Software
376(1)
16.8 Secondary and Tertiary Devices
377(2)
17 Rotary Displacement Flowmeter Design 379(8)
17.1 General
379(1)
17.2 Velocity and Piping Insulation
380(1)
17.3 Filtration and Lubrication
381(1)
17.4 Flowmeter Assembly
381(1)
17.5 Flowmeter, Mechanical
382(1)
17.6 Piping Spools, Mechanical
382(1)
17.7 Flowmeter: SPU, Electrical, and Software
383(1)
17.8 Secondary and Tertiary Devices
384(3)
18 Inspection, Testing, Verification, Calibration, and Certification 387(20)
18.1 Inspection
389(1)
18.2 Testing
389(1)
18.3 Verification
390(1)
18.4 Calibration
391(1)
18.5 Certification
392(1)
18.6 Equipment
392(3)
18.7 Equipment Information
395(11)
18.8 Records
406(1)
Appendix: Standards, Publications, and Regulations 407(14)
A.1 Mechanical Standards and Publications
408(1)
A.2 Electrical Standards and Publications
409(1)
A.3 Measurement Standards and Publications
410(8)
A.4 U.S. Government Regulations
418(3)
Glossary 421(32)
Index 453

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