New Science : Principles of the New Science Concerning the Common Nature of Nations

by ; ;
Edition: 3rd
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2000-01-01
Publisher(s): Penguin Classics
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Summary

Although Vico (1668-1744) lived his whole life as an obscure academic in Naples, his New Science is an astonishingly ambitious attempt to decode the history, mythology and law of the ancient world. It argues that the key to true understanding lies in accepting that the customs and emotional lives of the Greeks and Romans, Egyptians, Jews and Babylonians, were utterly different from our own. In examining these huge themes, Vico offers countless fresh insights into topics ranging from physics to (poetic) politics, money to monsters, and family structures to the Flood. Deeply influential since the dawn of Romanticism, the New Science even inspired the framework for Joyce's Ulysses. This powerful new translation makes it clear why this work marked a turning-point in humanist thinking as significance as Newton's contemporary revolution in physics.

Table of Contents

Introduction xi
Anthony Grafton
Translator's Preface xxxiv
Idea of the work
Explanation of the Frontispiece
I
BOOK I: ESTABLISHING PRINCIPLES
Chronological Table
32(7)
SECTION 1. NOTES ON THE CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 39(36)
SECTION 2. ELEMENTS 75(44)
SECTION 3. PRINCIPLES 119(5)
SECTION 4. METHOD 124(20)
BOOK 2: POETIC WISDOM
Prolegomena
135(1)
Introduction
135(1)
Wisdom in General
136(2)
Introduction to Poetic Wisdom and its Divisions
138(1)
The Universal Flood and the Giants
139(5)
SECTION 1. POETIC METAPHYSICS 144(13)
Poetic Metaphysics as the Origin of Poetry, Idolatry, Divination, and Sacrifices
144(6)
Corollaries on the Principal Aspects of the New Science
150(7)
SECTION 2. POETIC LOGIC 157(50)
Poetic Logic
157(2)
Corollaries on Poetic Figures of Speech, Monsters,and Metamorphoses
159(4)
Corollaries on the Speech in Poetic Archetypes of the First Nations
163(7)
Corollaries on the Origins of Languages and Letters; Including the Origins of Hieroglyphics, Laws, Names, Family Arms, Medals, and Money; and the Origins of the First Language and Literature of the Natural Law of Nations
170(18)
Corollaries on the Origins of Poetic Style, Digressions, Inversions, Prose Rhythm, Song, and Verse
188(6)
Further Corollaries
194(8)
Final Corollaries on Logic in Educated People
202(5)
SECTION 3. POETIC MORALITY 207(10)
Poetic Morality and the Origins of the Common Virtues Taught by Religion through the Institution of Matrimony
207(10)
SECTION 4. POETIC ECONOMICS, OR HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT 217(35)
Household Management in Nuclear Families
217(19)
Extended Families of Family Servants as Essential to the Founding of Cities
236(11)
Corollaries on Contracts Sealed by Simple Consent
247(3)
A Principle of Mythology
250(2)
SECTION 5. POETIC POLITICS 252(54)
Poetic Politics: The Severely Aristocratic Form of the First Commonwealths
252(12)
All Commonwealths Arise from Invariable Principles of Fiefs
264(11)
Origins of the Census and Public Treasury
275(3)
The Origin of Roman Assemblies
278(2)
Corollary: Divine Providence Ordains both Commonwealths and the Natural Law of Nations
280(4)
Heroic Politics Continued
284(13)
Corollaries on Roman Antiquities, Particularly the Imaginary Monarchy at Rome and the Imaginary Popular Liberty Established Junius Brutus
297(3)
Corollary on the Heroism of the First Peoples
300(6)
SECTION 6. EPITOMES OF POETIC HISTORY 306(4)
Epitomes of Poetic History
306(4)
SECTION 7. POETIC PHYSICS 310(10)
Poetic Physics
310(2)
Poetic Physics of the Human Body: Heroic Nature
312(4)
Corollary on Heroic Statements
316(1)
Corollary on Heroic Descriptions
317(1)
Corollary on Heroic Customs
318(2)
SECTION 8. POETIC COSMOGRAPHY 320(8)
Poetic Cosmography
320(8)
SECTION 9. POETIC ASTRONOMY 328(3)
Poetic Astronomy
328(1)
Astronomical, Physical, and Historical Proof that All Ancient Pagan Nations Shared Uniform Astronomical Principles
328(3)
SECTION 10. POETIC CHRONOLOGY 331(7)
Poetic Chronology
331(3)
Canon of Chronology for Determining the Origins of Universal History, Which Must Antedate the Monarchy of Ninus, its Traditional Starting Point
334(4)
SECTION 11. POETIC GEOGRAPHY 338(17)
Poetic Geography
338(8)
Corollary on Aeneas' Arrival in Italy
346(2)
Names and Descriptions of Heroic Cities
348(7)
Conclusion
351(4)
BOOK 3: DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE HOMER
SECTION I. THE SEARCH FOR THE TRUE HOMER 355(26)
Introduction
355(1)
The Esoteric Wisdom Attributed to Homer
355(4)
Homer's Native Land
359(1)
Homer's Age
360(3)
Homer's Incomparable Gift for Heroic Poetry
363(3)
Philosophical Proofs for the Discovery of the True Homer
366(7)
Philosophical Proofs for the Discovery of the True Homer
373(8)
SECTION 2. DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE HOMER 381(16)
Introduction
381(1)
Inconsistencies and Improbabilities in the Traditional Homer Become Consistent and Necessary in the Homer Discovered Here
382(5)
Homer's Epics: Two Great Repositories of the Natural Law of the Greeks
387(10)
Appendix. A Rational History of the Dramatic and Lyric Poets
388(7)
BOOK 4: THE COURSE OF NATIONS
Introduction
395(2)
SECTION 1. THREE KINDS OF HUMAN NATURE 397(2)
SECTION 2. THREE KINDS OF CUSTOMS 399(1)
SECTION 3. THREE KINDS OF NATURAL LAW 400(1)
SECTION 4. THREE KINDS OF GOVERNMENT 401(1)
SECTION 5. THREE KINDS OF LANGUAGE 402(1)
SECTION 6. THREE KINDS OF SYMBOLS 403(2)
SECTION 7. THREE KINDS OF JURISPRUDENCE 405(2)
SECTION 8. THREE KINDS OF AUTHORITY 407(2)
SECTION 9. THREE KINDS OF REASON 409(5)
Divine Reason and Reason of State
409(1)
Corollary on the Ancient Romans' Wisdom of State
410(1)
Corollary: The Fundamental History of Roman Law
411(3)
SECTION 10. THREE KINDS OF JUDGMENTS 414(10)
First Kind: Divine Judgments
414(2)
Corollary on Duels and Reprisals
416(3)
Second Kind: Ordinary Judgments
419(3)
Third Kind: Human Judgments
422(2)
SECTION II. THREE SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT 424(2)
Schools of Thought in Religious, Punctilious, and Civil Ages
424(2)
SECTION 12. FURTHER PROOFS DRAWN FROM THE PROPERTIES OF HEROIC ARISTOCRACIES 426(14)
Introduction
426(1)
The Guarding of Boundaries
426(2)
The Guarding of Social Orders
428(8)
The Guarding of the Laws
436(4)
SECTION 13 440(8)
Further Proofs Drawn from Mixed Commonwealths Which Combine Earlier Governments with Later States
440(2)
An Eternal and Natural `Royal Law' By Which Nations Come to Rest in Monarchies
442(1)
A Refutation of the Principles of Political Theory Based on the System of Jean Bodin
443(5)
SECTION 14. FINAL PROOFS CONFIRMING THE COURSE OF NATIONS 448(45)
Punishments, Wars, and the Order of Numbers
448(3)
Corollary: Ancient Roman Law as Serious Epic Poem, and Ancient Jurisprudence as Severe Poetry Containing the First Rough Outlines of Legal Metaphysics; also, the Legal Origins of Greek Philosophy
451(10)
BOOK 5: THE RESURGENCE OF NATIONS AND THE RECURRENCE OF HUMAN INSTITUTIONS
Introduction
461(1)
Medieval Barbaric History Illuminated by Ancient Barbaric History
461(4)
The Recurrence of the Invariable Nature of Fiefs, and the Recurrence of Ancient Roman Law in Feudal Law
465(12)
Description of the Ancient and Modern Worlds in the light of the New Science
477(16)
CONCLUSION OF THE WORK
On the Eternal Natural Commonwealth, Best in its Kind, Ordained
483(10)
Divine Providence
Index and Glossary 493

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