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1 Generation and Radiation of Noise in Electrical Machines |
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1 | (20) |
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1.1 Vibration, sound, and noise |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (4) |
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1.3 Sources of noise in electrical machines |
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5 | (2) |
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1.3.1 Electromagnetic sources of noise |
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5 | (2) |
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1.3.2 Mechanical sources of noise |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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1.4 Energy conversion process |
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7 | (2) |
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1.5 Noise limits and measurement procedures for electrical machines |
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9 | (4) |
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1.6 Deterministic and statistical methods of noise prediction |
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13 | (4) |
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17 | (1) |
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1.8 Accuracy of noise prediction |
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18 | (3) |
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2 Magnetic Fields and Radial Forces in Polyphase Motors Fed with Sinusoidal Currents |
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21 | (44) |
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2.1 Construction of induction motors |
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21 | (2) |
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2.2 Construction of permanent magnet synchronous brushless motors |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (3) |
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28 | (8) |
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2.4.1 Single-phase stator winding |
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28 | (4) |
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2.4.2 Three-phase stator winding |
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32 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Polyphase stator winding |
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33 | (3) |
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36 | (1) |
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2.6 Calculation of air gap magnetic field |
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37 | (8) |
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37 | (3) |
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2.6.2 Effect of eccentricity |
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40 | (3) |
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2.6.3 Effect of magnetic saturation |
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43 | (1) |
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2.6.4 Effect of rotor saliency |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (13) |
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2.7.1 Production of radial magnetic forces |
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45 | (3) |
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2.7.2 Amplitude of magnetic pressure |
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48 | (1) |
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2.7.3 Deformation of the stator core |
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49 | (1) |
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2.7.4 Frequencies and orders of magnetic pressure |
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50 | (1) |
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2.7.5 Radial forces in synchronous machines with slotted stator |
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51 | (3) |
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2.7.6 Frequencies of vibration and noise |
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54 | (4) |
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2.8 Other sources of electromagnetic vibration and noise |
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58 | (7) |
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2.8.1 Unbalanced line voltage |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (4) |
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2.8.3 Thermal stress analogy |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (3) |
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65 | (12) |
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3.1 Generation of higher time harmonics |
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65 | (1) |
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3.2 Analysis of radial forces for nonsinusoidal currents |
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66 | (5) |
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3.2.1 Stator and rotor magnetic flux density |
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67 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Stator harmonics of the same number |
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68 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Interaction of stator and rotor harmonics |
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69 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Rotor harmonics of the same number |
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70 | (1) |
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3.2.5 Frequencies and orders of magnetic pressure for nonsinusoidal currents |
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70 | (1) |
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3.2.6 Interaction of stator harmonics of different numbers |
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70 | (1) |
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3.2.7 Interaction of switching frequency and higher time harmonics |
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71 | (1) |
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3.2.8 Interaction of permeance and magnetomotive force (MMF) harmonics |
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71 | (1) |
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3.2.9 Rectifier harmonics |
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71 | (1) |
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3.3 Higher time harmonic torques in induction machines |
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71 | (2) |
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3.3.1 Asynchronous torques |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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3.4 Higher time harmonic torques in permanent magnet (PM) brushless machines |
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73 | (1) |
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3.5 Influence of the switching frequency of an inverter |
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73 | (2) |
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3.6 Noise reduction of inverter-fed motors |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (30) |
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4.1 Analytical methods of instantaneous torque calculation |
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77 | (1) |
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4.2 Numerical methods of instantaneous torque calculation |
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78 | (1) |
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4.3 Electromagnetic torque components |
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79 | (1) |
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4.4 Sources of torque pulsations |
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80 | (1) |
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4.5 Higher harmonic torques of induction motors |
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80 | (1) |
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4.6 Cogging torque in permanent magnet (PM) brushless motors |
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81 | (13) |
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4.6.1 Air gap magnetic flux density |
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82 | (2) |
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4.6.2 Calculation of cogging torque |
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84 | (3) |
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4.6.3 Simplified cogging torque equation |
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87 | (1) |
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4.6.4 Influence of eccentricity |
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88 | (4) |
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4.6.5 Calculation and comparison with measurements |
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92 | (2) |
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4.7 Torque ripple due to distortion of EMF and current waveforms in permanent magnet (PM) brushless motors |
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94 | (5) |
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4.8 Tangential forces vs. radial forces |
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99 | (3) |
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4.9 Minimization of torque ripple in PM brushless motors |
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102 | (5) |
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102 | (1) |
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4.9.2 Skewing stator slots |
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103 | (1) |
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4.9.3 Shaping stator slots |
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103 | (1) |
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4.9.4 Selection of the number of stator slots |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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4.9.7 Shifting PM segments |
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104 | (1) |
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4.9.8 Selection of PM width |
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104 | (1) |
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4.9.9 Magnetization of PMs |
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105 | (1) |
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4.9.10 Creating magnetic circuit asymmetry |
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105 | (2) |
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5 Stator System Vibration Analysis |
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107 | (20) |
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107 | (3) |
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5.2 Simplified calculation of natural frequencies of the stator system |
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110 | (2) |
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5.3 Improved analytical method of calculation of natural frequencies |
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112 | (8) |
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5.3.1 Natural frequency of the stator core |
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112 | (2) |
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5.3.2 Natural frequency of a frame with end bells |
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114 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Natural frequency of a stator core–frame system |
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115 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Effect of the stator winding and teeth |
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116 | (1) |
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5.3.5 Analytical calculation of natural frequencies for a stator core-winding-frame system |
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117 | (3) |
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5.4 Numerical verification |
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120 | (7) |
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120 | (2) |
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5.4.2 Comparison of analytical calculations with the FEM |
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122 | (5) |
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127 | (48) |
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6.1 Sound radiation efficiency |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (12) |
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130 | (3) |
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6.2.2 Finite plates in bending motion |
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133 | (8) |
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6.3 Infinitely long cylindrical radiator |
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141 | (4) |
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6.4 Finite length cylindrical radiator |
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145 | (21) |
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6.4.1 Acoustically thin shells |
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147 | (2) |
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6.4.2 Acoustically thick shells |
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149 | (5) |
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6.4.3 Modal radiation efficiencies of acoustically thick shells |
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154 | (3) |
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6.4.4 Modal averaged radiation efficiency |
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157 | (4) |
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6.4.5 Validity of using an infinite length model |
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161 | (3) |
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6.4.6 Effects of boundary conditions on the radiation efficiency |
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164 | (2) |
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6.5 Calculations of sound power level |
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166 | (9) |
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6.5.1 Sound power radiated from a stator |
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167 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Total sound power of an induction motor |
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168 | (3) |
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6.5.3 Permanent magnet synchronous motors |
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171 | (4) |
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7 Noise and Vibration of Mechanical and Aerodynamic Origin |
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175 | (12) |
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7.1 Mechanical noise due to shaft and rotor irregularities |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (4) |
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176 | (4) |
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180 | (1) |
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7.3 Noise due to toothed gear trains |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (3) |
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7.5 Mechanical noise generated by the load |
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184 | (3) |
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8 Acoustic and Vibration Instrumentation |
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187 | (44) |
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8.1 Measuring system and transducers |
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187 | (2) |
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8.2 Measurement of sound pressure |
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189 | (8) |
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8.2.1 Choice of microphones |
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189 | (1) |
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8.2.2 The sound pressure sensor–condenser microphone |
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189 | (4) |
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193 | (3) |
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8.2.4 Acoustic calibrator |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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8.3 Acoustic measurement procedure |
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197 | (3) |
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8.3.1 Effect of the operator on measurement results |
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197 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Measurement position |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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8.3.4 Measurements of ambient sound pressure levels |
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198 | (1) |
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8.3.5 Corrections for background sound during source measurements |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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8.4 Vibration measurements |
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200 | (13) |
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8.4.1 Theory of operation of vibration-measuring transducer |
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201 | (6) |
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8.4.2 Characteristics of piezoelectric accelerometers |
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207 | (4) |
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8.4.3 Other vibration transducers |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (1) |
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8.6 Sound power and sound pressure |
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214 | (1) |
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8.7 Indirect methods of sound power measurement |
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215 | (2) |
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8.7.1 Determination of sound power in an anechoic/semianechoic room |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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8.7.3 Juxtaposition principle using a reference sound source |
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217 | (1) |
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8.8 Direct method of sound power measurement — sound intensity technique |
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217 | (7) |
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8.8.1 Historical perspective |
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217 | (1) |
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8.8.2 Theoretical background |
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217 | (2) |
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8.8.3 Sound intensity probe |
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219 | (2) |
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8.8.4 External noise suppression |
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221 | (1) |
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8.8.5 Error considerations |
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221 | (2) |
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8.8.6 Dynamic capability and pressure-intensity index |
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223 | (1) |
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8.9 Standard for testing acoustic performance of rotating electrical machines |
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224 | (7) |
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224 | (2) |
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8.9.2 Acoustic tests on an induction motor |
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226 | (5) |
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231 | (26) |
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231 | (1) |
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9.2 FEM model for radial magnetic pressure |
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232 | (7) |
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233 | (4) |
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9.2.2 Permanent magnet synchronous motor |
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237 | (2) |
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9.3 FEM for structural modeling |
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239 | (4) |
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9.4 BEM for acoustic radiation |
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243 | (12) |
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9.4.1 Governing equation and boundary conditions |
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243 | (4) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (2) |
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9.4.5 Application to the prediction of radiated acoustic power from an inverter-fed induction motor |
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250 | (5) |
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255 | (2) |
10 Statistical Energy Analysis |
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257 | (44) |
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257 | (2) |
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10.2 Power flow between linearly coupled oscillators |
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259 | (8) |
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10.2.1 Two coupled oscillators |
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259 | (2) |
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10.2.2 Three series coupled oscillators |
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261 | (3) |
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10.2.3 Energy exchange between groups of oscillators |
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264 | (3) |
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10.3 Coupled multimodal systems |
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267 | (14) |
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10.3.1 General SEA equations |
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267 | (2) |
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10.3.2 SEA model establishment |
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269 | (3) |
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272 | (6) |
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10.3.4 Limitations of SEA |
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278 | (3) |
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281 | (9) |
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282 | (3) |
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10.4.2 Recent developments |
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285 | (5) |
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10.5 Application to electrical motors |
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290 | (11) |
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10.5.1 Subsystems of a motor structure |
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291 | (1) |
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10.5.2 Internal and coupling loss factors |
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292 | (1) |
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10.5.3 Input power to the stator |
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293 | (2) |
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10.5.4 Sound power radiated from the motor structure |
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295 | (6) |
11 Noise Control |
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301 | (18) |
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301 | (6) |
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301 | (2) |
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11.1.2 Principles of vibration and shock isolation |
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303 | (3) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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11.2 Standard methods of noise reduction |
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307 | (4) |
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11.3 Active noise and vibration control |
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311 | (8) |
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11.3.1 Principles of active noise control |
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311 | (2) |
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11.3.2 Induction motor acoustic noise reduction |
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313 | (2) |
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11.3.3 Active vibration isolation |
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315 | (4) |
Appendix A Basics of Acoustics |
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319 | (8) |
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A.1 Sound field variables and wave equations |
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319 | (2) |
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A.2 Sound radiation from a point source |
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321 | (2) |
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A.3 Decibel levels and their calculations |
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323 | (2) |
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325 | (2) |
Appendix B Permeance of Nonuniform Air Gap |
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327 | (6) |
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B.1 Permeance calculation |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (5) |
Appendix C Magnetic Saturation |
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333 | (4) |
Appendix D Basics of Vibration |
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337 | (10) |
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D.1 A mass—spring—damper oscillator |
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337 | (2) |
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D.2 Lumped parameter systems |
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339 | (3) |
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342 | (5) |
Symbols and Abbreviations |
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347 | (6) |
Bibliography |
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353 | (16) |
Index |
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369 | |