Noise of Polyphase Electric Motors

by ;
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2005-12-12
Publisher(s): CRC Press
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Summary

Controlling the level of noise in electrical motors is critical to overall system performance. However, predicting noise of an electrical motor is more difficult and less accurate than for other characteristics such as torque-speed. Recent advances have produced powerful computational methods for noise prediction, and Noise of Polyphase Electric Motors is the first book to collect these advances in a single source. It is also the first to include noise prediction for permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motors.Complete coverage of all aspects of electromagnetic, structural, and vibro-acoustic noise makes this a uniquely comprehensive reference. The authors begin with the basic principles of noise generation and radiation, magnetic field and radial forces, torque pulsations, acoustic calculations, as well as noise and vibration of mechanical and acoustic origin. Moving to applications, the book examines in detail stator system vibration analysis including the use of finite element method (FEM) modal analysis; FEM for radial pressure and structural modeling; boundary element methods (BEM) for acoustic radiation; statistical energy analysis (SEA); instrumentation including technologies, procedures, and standards; and both passive and active methods for control of noise and vibration.Noise of Polyphase Electric Motors gathers the fundamental concepts along with all of the analytical, numerical, and statistical methods into a unified reference. It supplies all of the tools necessary to improve the noise performance of electrical motors at the design stage.

Table of Contents

1 Generation and Radiation of Noise in Electrical Machines
1(20)
1.1 Vibration, sound, and noise
1(1)
1.2 Sound waves
1(4)
1.3 Sources of noise in electrical machines
5(2)
1.3.1 Electromagnetic sources of noise
5(2)
1.3.2 Mechanical sources of noise
7(1)
1.3.3 Aerodynamic noise
7(1)
1.4 Energy conversion process
7(2)
1.5 Noise limits and measurement procedures for electrical machines
9(4)
1.6 Deterministic and statistical methods of noise prediction
13(4)
1.7 Economical aspects
17(1)
1.8 Accuracy of noise prediction
18(3)
2 Magnetic Fields and Radial Forces in Polyphase Motors Fed with Sinusoidal Currents
21(44)
2.1 Construction of induction motors
21(2)
2.2 Construction of permanent magnet synchronous brushless motors
23(2)
2.3 A.C. stator windings
25(3)
2.4 Stator winding MMF
28(8)
2.4.1 Single-phase stator winding
28(4)
2.4.2 Three-phase stator winding
32(1)
2.4.3 Polyphase stator winding
33(3)
2.5 Rotor magnetic field
36(1)
2.6 Calculation of air gap magnetic field
37(8)
2.6.1 Effect of slots
37(3)
2.6.2 Effect of eccentricity
40(3)
2.6.3 Effect of magnetic saturation
43(1)
2.6.4 Effect of rotor saliency
44(1)
2.7 Radial forces
45(13)
2.7.1 Production of radial magnetic forces
45(3)
2.7.2 Amplitude of magnetic pressure
48(1)
2.7.3 Deformation of the stator core
49(1)
2.7.4 Frequencies and orders of magnetic pressure
50(1)
2.7.5 Radial forces in synchronous machines with slotted stator
51(3)
2.7.6 Frequencies of vibration and noise
54(4)
2.8 Other sources of electromagnetic vibration and noise
58(7)
2.8.1 Unbalanced line voltage
58(1)
2.8.2 Magnetostriction
58(4)
2.8.3 Thermal stress analogy
62(1)
2.8.4 FEM model
62(3)
3 Inverter-Fed Motors
65(12)
3.1 Generation of higher time harmonics
65(1)
3.2 Analysis of radial forces for nonsinusoidal currents
66(5)
3.2.1 Stator and rotor magnetic flux density
67(1)
3.2.2 Stator harmonics of the same number
68(1)
3.2.3 Interaction of stator and rotor harmonics
69(1)
3.2.4 Rotor harmonics of the same number
70(1)
3.2.5 Frequencies and orders of magnetic pressure for nonsinusoidal currents
70(1)
3.2.6 Interaction of stator harmonics of different numbers
70(1)
3.2.7 Interaction of switching frequency and higher time harmonics
71(1)
3.2.8 Interaction of permeance and magnetomotive force (MMF) harmonics
71(1)
3.2.9 Rectifier harmonics
71(1)
3.3 Higher time harmonic torques in induction machines
71(2)
3.3.1 Asynchronous torques
71(1)
3.3.2 Pulsating torques
72(1)
3.4 Higher time harmonic torques in permanent magnet (PM) brushless machines
73(1)
3.5 Influence of the switching frequency of an inverter
73(2)
3.6 Noise reduction of inverter-fed motors
75(2)
4 Torque Pulsations
77(30)
4.1 Analytical methods of instantaneous torque calculation
77(1)
4.2 Numerical methods of instantaneous torque calculation
78(1)
4.3 Electromagnetic torque components
79(1)
4.4 Sources of torque pulsations
80(1)
4.5 Higher harmonic torques of induction motors
80(1)
4.6 Cogging torque in permanent magnet (PM) brushless motors
81(13)
4.6.1 Air gap magnetic flux density
82(2)
4.6.2 Calculation of cogging torque
84(3)
4.6.3 Simplified cogging torque equation
87(1)
4.6.4 Influence of eccentricity
88(4)
4.6.5 Calculation and comparison with measurements
92(2)
4.7 Torque ripple due to distortion of EMF and current waveforms in permanent magnet (PM) brushless motors
94(5)
4.8 Tangential forces vs. radial forces
99(3)
4.9 Minimization of torque ripple in PM brushless motors
102(5)
4.9.1 Slotless windings
102(1)
4.9.2 Skewing stator slots
103(1)
4.9.3 Shaping stator slots
103(1)
4.9.4 Selection of the number of stator slots
104(1)
4.9.5 Shaping PMs
104(1)
4.9.6 Skewing PMs
104(1)
4.9.7 Shifting PM segments
104(1)
4.9.8 Selection of PM width
104(1)
4.9.9 Magnetization of PMs
105(1)
4.9.10 Creating magnetic circuit asymmetry
105(2)
5 Stator System Vibration Analysis
107(20)
5.1 Forced vibration
107(3)
5.2 Simplified calculation of natural frequencies of the stator system
110(2)
5.3 Improved analytical method of calculation of natural frequencies
112(8)
5.3.1 Natural frequency of the stator core
112(2)
5.3.2 Natural frequency of a frame with end bells
114(1)
5.3.3 Natural frequency of a stator core–frame system
115(1)
5.3.4 Effect of the stator winding and teeth
116(1)
5.3.5 Analytical calculation of natural frequencies for a stator core-winding-frame system
117(3)
5.4 Numerical verification
120(7)
5.4.1 FEM modeling
120(2)
5.4.2 Comparison of analytical calculations with the FEM
122(5)
6 Acoustic Calculations
127(48)
6.1 Sound radiation efficiency
127(2)
6.2 Plane radiator
129(12)
6.2.1 Infinite plates
130(3)
6.2.2 Finite plates in bending motion
133(8)
6.3 Infinitely long cylindrical radiator
141(4)
6.4 Finite length cylindrical radiator
145(21)
6.4.1 Acoustically thin shells
147(2)
6.4.2 Acoustically thick shells
149(5)
6.4.3 Modal radiation efficiencies of acoustically thick shells
154(3)
6.4.4 Modal averaged radiation efficiency
157(4)
6.4.5 Validity of using an infinite length model
161(3)
6.4.6 Effects of boundary conditions on the radiation efficiency
164(2)
6.5 Calculations of sound power level
166(9)
6.5.1 Sound power radiated from a stator
167(1)
6.5.2 Total sound power of an induction motor
168(3)
6.5.3 Permanent magnet synchronous motors
171(4)
7 Noise and Vibration of Mechanical and Aerodynamic Origin
175(12)
7.1 Mechanical noise due to shaft and rotor irregularities
175(1)
7.2 Bearing noise
176(4)
7.2.1 Rolling bearings
176(4)
7.2.2 Sleeve bearings
180(1)
7.3 Noise due to toothed gear trains
180(1)
7.4 Aerodynamic noise
181(3)
7.5 Mechanical noise generated by the load
184(3)
8 Acoustic and Vibration Instrumentation
187(44)
8.1 Measuring system and transducers
187(2)
8.2 Measurement of sound pressure
189(8)
8.2.1 Choice of microphones
189(1)
8.2.2 The sound pressure sensor–condenser microphone
189(4)
8.2.3 Sound level meter
193(3)
8.2.4 Acoustic calibrator
196(1)
8.2.5 Level recorder
197(1)
8.3 Acoustic measurement procedure
197(3)
8.3.1 Effect of the operator on measurement results
197(1)
8.3.2 Measurement position
198(1)
8.3.3 Standing waves
198(1)
8.3.4 Measurements of ambient sound pressure levels
198(1)
8.3.5 Corrections for background sound during source measurements
199(1)
8.3.6 Polar plots
200(1)
8.4 Vibration measurements
200(13)
8.4.1 Theory of operation of vibration-measuring transducer
201(6)
8.4.2 Characteristics of piezoelectric accelerometers
207(4)
8.4.3 Other vibration transducers
211(2)
8.5 Frequency analyzers
213(1)
8.6 Sound power and sound pressure
214(1)
8.7 Indirect methods of sound power measurement
215(2)
8.7.1 Determination of sound power in an anechoic/semianechoic room
215(1)
8.7.2 Reverberation room
216(1)
8.7.3 Juxtaposition principle using a reference sound source
217(1)
8.8 Direct method of sound power measurement — sound intensity technique
217(7)
8.8.1 Historical perspective
217(1)
8.8.2 Theoretical background
217(2)
8.8.3 Sound intensity probe
219(2)
8.8.4 External noise suppression
221(1)
8.8.5 Error considerations
221(2)
8.8.6 Dynamic capability and pressure-intensity index
223(1)
8.9 Standard for testing acoustic performance of rotating electrical machines
224(7)
8.9.1 Background
224(2)
8.9.2 Acoustic tests on an induction motor
226(5)
9 Numerical Analysis
231(26)
9.1 Introduction
231(1)
9.2 FEM model for radial magnetic pressure
232(7)
9.2.1 Induction motor
233(4)
9.2.2 Permanent magnet synchronous motor
237(2)
9.3 FEM for structural modeling
239(4)
9.4 BEM for acoustic radiation
243(12)
9.4.1 Governing equation and boundary conditions
243(4)
9.4.2 FEM
247(1)
9.4.3 BEM
248(1)
9.4.4 Radiating sphere
248(2)
9.4.5 Application to the prediction of radiated acoustic power from an inverter-fed induction motor
250(5)
9.5 Discussion
255(2)
10 Statistical Energy Analysis 257(44)
10.1 Introduction
257(2)
10.2 Power flow between linearly coupled oscillators
259(8)
10.2.1 Two coupled oscillators
259(2)
10.2.2 Three series coupled oscillators
261(3)
10.2.3 Energy exchange between groups of oscillators
264(3)
10.3 Coupled multimodal systems
267(14)
10.3.1 General SEA equations
267(2)
10.3.2 SEA model establishment
269(3)
10.3.3 SEA parameters
272(6)
10.3.4 Limitations of SEA
278(3)
10.4 Experimental SEA
281(9)
10.4.1 General theory
282(3)
10.4.2 Recent developments
285(5)
10.5 Application to electrical motors
290(11)
10.5.1 Subsystems of a motor structure
291(1)
10.5.2 Internal and coupling loss factors
292(1)
10.5.3 Input power to the stator
293(2)
10.5.4 Sound power radiated from the motor structure
295(6)
11 Noise Control 301(18)
11.1 Mounting
301(6)
11.1.1 Foundation
301(2)
11.1.2 Principles of vibration and shock isolation
303(3)
11.1.3 Vibration limits
306(1)
11.1.4 Shaft alignment
306(1)
11.2 Standard methods of noise reduction
307(4)
11.3 Active noise and vibration control
311(8)
11.3.1 Principles of active noise control
311(2)
11.3.2 Induction motor acoustic noise reduction
313(2)
11.3.3 Active vibration isolation
315(4)
Appendix A Basics of Acoustics 319(8)
A.1 Sound field variables and wave equations
319(2)
A.2 Sound radiation from a point source
321(2)
A.3 Decibel levels and their calculations
323(2)
A.4 Spectrum analysis
325(2)
Appendix B Permeance of Nonuniform Air Gap 327(6)
B.1 Permeance calculation
327(1)
B.2 Eccentricity effect
328(5)
Appendix C Magnetic Saturation 333(4)
Appendix D Basics of Vibration 337(10)
D.1 A mass—spring—damper oscillator
337(2)
D.2 Lumped parameter systems
339(3)
D.3 Continuous systems
342(5)
Symbols and Abbreviations 347(6)
Bibliography 353(16)
Index 369

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