Other versions by this Author
| Preface | p. vii |
| Introduction | p. xvii |
| Modeling and Simulation | p. xvii |
| Modeling Philosophy | p. xx |
| Notation | p. xxiv |
| Concluding Remarks | p. xxvi |
| References | p. xxvii |
| Background | |
| Polymer Materials Science | p. 1 |
| Chemical Structure | p. 1 |
| Molecular Weight | p. 4 |
| Conformation and Configuration of Polymer Molecules | p. 9 |
| Morphological Structure | p. 12 |
| Copolymers and Polymer Blends | p. 16 |
| Thermal Transitions | p. 18 |
| Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymers | p. 24 |
| Stress Relaxation | p. 24 |
| Time-Temperature Superposition (WLF-Equation) | p. 26 |
| Examples of Common Polymers | p. 29 |
| Thermoplastics | p. 29 |
| Thermosetting Polymers | p. 31 |
| Elastomers | p. 32 |
| Problems | p. 33 |
| References | p. 36 |
| Processing Properties | p. 37 |
| Thermal Properties | p. 37 |
| Thermal Conductivity | p. 38 |
| Specific Heat | p. 43 |
| Density | p. 45 |
| Thermal Diffusivity | p. 51 |
| Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion | p. 51 |
| Thermal Penetration | p. 53 |
| Measuring Thermal Data | p. 53 |
| Curing Properties | p. 59 |
| Rheological Properties | p. 63 |
| Flow Phenomena | p. 63 |
| Viscous Flow Models | p. 68 |
| Viscoelastic Constitutive Models | p. 75 |
| Rheometry | p. 85 |
| Surface Tension | p. 90 |
| Permeability properties | p. 93 |
| Sorption | p. 94 |
| Diffusion and Permeation | p. 96 |
| Measuring S, D, and P | p. 100 |
| Diffusion of Polymer Molecules and Self-Diffusion | p. 102 |
| Friction properties | p. 102 |
| Problems | p. 104 |
| References | p. 108 |
| Polymer Processes | p. 111 |
| Extrusion | p. 112 |
| The Plasticating Extruder | p. 113 |
| Extrusion Dies | p. 122 |
| Mixing Processes | p. 125 |
| Distributive Mixing | p. 128 |
| Dispersive Mixing | p. 129 |
| Mixing Devices | p. 131 |
| Injection Molding | p. 140 |
| The Injection Molding Cycle | p. 141 |
| The Injection Molding Machine | p. 144 |
| Related Injection Molding Processes | p. 149 |
| Secondary Shaping | p. 150 |
| Fiber Spinning | p. 151 |
| Film Production | p. 151 |
| Thermoforming | p. 157 |
| Calendering | p. 158 |
| Coating | p. 160 |
| Compression Molding | p. 163 |
| Foaming | p. 164 |
| Rotational Molding | p. 166 |
| References | p. 167 |
| Processing Fundamentals | |
| Dimensional Analysis and Scaling | p. 171 |
| Dimensional Analysis | p. 172 |
| Dimensional Analysis by Matrix Transformation | p. 174 |
| Problems with non-Linear Material Properties | p. 192 |
| Scaling and Similarity | p. 192 |
| Problems | p. 203 |
| References | p. 206 |
| Transport Phenomena in Polymer Processing | p. 207 |
| Balance Equations | p. 207 |
| The Mass Balance or Continuity Equation | p. 208 |
| The Material or Substantial Derivative | p. 209 |
| The Momentum Balance or Equation of Motion | p. 210 |
| The Energy Balance or Equation of Energy | p. 217 |
| Model Simplification | p. 220 |
| Reduction in Dimensionality | p. 222 |
| Lubrication Approximation | p. 223 |
| Simple Models in Polymer Processing | p. 225 |
| Pressure Driven Flow of a Newtonian Fluid Through a Slit | p. 225 |
| Flow of a Power Law Fluid in a Straight Circular Tube (Hagen-Poiseuille Equation) | p. 227 |
| Flow of a Power Law Fluid in a Slightly Tapered Tube | p. 228 |
| Volumetric Flow Rate of a Power Law Fluid in Axial Annular Flow | p. 229 |
| Radial Flow Between two Parallel Discs - Newtonian Model | p. 230 |
| The Hele-Shaw model | p. 232 |
| Cooling or Heating in Polymer Processing | p. 239 |
| Problems | p. 243 |
| References | p. 245 |
| Analyses Based on Analytical Solutions | p. 247 |
| Single Screw Extrusion-Isothermal Flow Problems | p. 248 |
| Newtonian Flow in the Metering Section of a Single Screw Extruder | p. 249 |
| Cross Channel Flow in a Single Screw Extruder | p. 251 |
| Newtonian Isothermal Screw and Die Characteristic Curves | p. 255 |
| Extrusion Dies-Isothermal Flow Problems | p. 258 |
| End-Fed Sheeting Die | p. 258 |
| Coat Hanger Die | p. 261 |
| Extrusion Die with Variable Die Land Thicknesses | p. 263 |
| Pressure Flow of Two Immiscible Fluids with Different Viscosities | p. 264 |
| Fiber Spinning | p. 266 |
| Viscoelastic Fiber Spinning Model | p. 269 |
| Processes that Involve Membrane Stretching | p. 271 |
| Film Blowing | p. 271 |
| Thermoforming | p. 277 |
| Calendering - Isothermal Flow Problems | p. 278 |
| Newtonian Model of Calendering | p. 278 |
| Shear Thinning Model of Calendering | p. 285 |
| Calender Fed with a Finite Sheet Thickness | p. 287 |
| Coating Processes | p. 289 |
| Wire Coating Die | p. 289 |
| Roll Coating | p. 291 |
| Mixing - Isothermal Flow Problems | p. 295 |
| Effect of Orientation on Distributive Mixing - Erwin's Ideal Mixer | p. 295 |
| Predicting the Striation Thickness in a Couette Flow System - Shear Thinning Model | p. 296 |
| Residence Time Distribution of a Fluid Inside a Tube | p. 300 |
| Residence Time Distribution Inside the Ideal Mixer | p. 301 |
| Injection Molding - Isothermal Flow Problems | p. 303 |
| Balancing the Runner System in Multi-Cavity Injection Molds | p. 303 |
| Radial Flow Between Two Parallel discs | p. 306 |
| Non-Isothermal Flows | p. 309 |
| Non-Isothermal Shear Flow | p. 309 |
| Non-Isothermal Pressure Flow Through a Slit | p. 311 |
| Melting and Solidification | p. 312 |
| Melting with Pressure Flow Melt Removal | p. 317 |
| Melting with Drag Flow Melt Removal | p. 319 |
| Melting Zone in a Plasticating Single Screw Extruder | p. 324 |
| Curing Reactions During Processing | p. 330 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 331 |
| Problems | p. 331 |
| References | p. 339 |
| Numerical Techniques | |
| Introduction to Numerical Analysis | p. 343 |
| Discretization and Error | p. 344 |
| Interpolation | p. 344 |
| Polynomial and Lagrange Interpolation | p. 345 |
| Hermite Interpolations | p. 352 |
| Cubic Splines | p. 354 |
| Global and Radial Interpolation | p. 357 |
| Numerical Integration | p. 360 |
| Classical Integration Methods | p. 362 |
| Gaussian Quadratures | p. 364 |
| Data Fitting | p. 367 |
| Least Squares Method | p. 368 |
| The Levenberg-Marquardt Method | p. 369 |
| Method of Weighted Residuals | p. 376 |
| Problems | p. 381 |
| References | p. 383 |
| Finite Difference Method | p. 385 |
| Taylor-Series Expansions | p. 387 |
| Numerical Issues | p. 392 |
| The Info-Travel Concept | p. 393 |
| Steady-State Problems | p. 395 |
| Transient Problems | p. 409 |
| Higher Order Approximation Techniques | p. 422 |
| The Radial Flow Method | p. 428 |
| Flow Analysis Network | p. 439 |
| Predicting Fiber Orientation - The Folgar-Tucker Model | p. 443 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 445 |
| Problems | p. 448 |
| References | p. 450 |
| Finite Element Method | p. 453 |
| One-Dimensional Problems | p. 453 |
| One-Dimensional Finite Element Formulation | p. 454 |
| Numerical Implementation of a One-Dimenional Finite Element Formulation | p. 458 |
| Matrix Storage Schemes | p. 464 |
| Transient Problems | p. 466 |
| Two-Dimensional Problems | p. 470 |
| Solution of Posisson's equation Using a Constant Strain Triangle | p. 470 |
| Transient Heat Conduction Problem Using Constant Strain Triangle | p. 474 |
| Solution of Field Problems Using Isoparametric Quadrilateral Elements | p. 474 |
| Two Dimensional Penalty Formulation for Creeping Flow Problems | p. 479 |
| Three-Dimensional Problems | p. 487 |
| Three-dimensional Elements | p. 487 |
| Three-Dimensional Transient Heat Conduction Problem With Convection | p. 489 |
| Three-Dimensional Mixed Formulation for Creeping Flow Problems | p. 491 |
| Mold Filling Simulations Using the Control Volume Approach | p. 493 |
| Two-Dimensional Mold Filling Simulation of Non-Planar Parts (2.5D Model) | p. 493 |
| Full Three-Dimensional Mold Filling Simulation | p. 497 |
| Viscoelastic Fluid Flow | p. 502 |
| Problems | p. 507 |
| References | p. 508 |
| Boundary Element Method | p. 511 |
| Scalar Fields | p. 512 |
| Green's Identities | p. 512 |
| Green's Function or Fundamental Solution | p. 515 |
| Integral Formulation of Poisson's Equation | p. 516 |
| 4BEM Numerical Implementation of the 2D Laplace Equation | p. 518 |
| 2D Linear Elements | p. 522 |
| 2D Quadratic Elements | p. 525 |
| Three-Dimensional Problems | p. 528 |
| Momentum Equations | p. 533 |
| Green's Identities for the Momentum Equations | p. 534 |
| Integral Formulation for the Momentum Equations | p. 534 |
| BEM Numerical Implementation of the Momentum Balance Equations | p. 536 |
| Numerical Treatment of the Weakly Singular Integrals | p. 539 |
| Solids in Suspension | p. 544 |
| Comments of non-Linear Problems | p. 553 |
| Other Boundary Element Applications | p. 554 |
| Problems | p. 560 |
| References | p. 563 |
| Radial Functions Method | p. 567 |
| The Kansa Collocation Method | p. 568 |
| Applying RFM to Balance Equations in Polymer Processing | p. 570 |
| Energy Balance | p. 570 |
| Flow problems | p. 577 |
| Problems | p. 594 |
| References | p. 596 |
| Index | p. 597 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
Polymer Processing: Modeling and Simulation
by Tim A. Osswald, Juan P. Hernandez-OrtizFormat: Nonspecific Binding
Pub. Date: 2013-03-01
Publisher(s): Hanser Publications
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