Practical Distributed Processing
by Brooke, Philip J.; Paige, Richard F.Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2007-09-21
Publisher(s): Springer-Nature New York Inc
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Summary
Distributed processing has a strong theoretical foundation, but many day-to-day practitioners make limited use of the advantages this theory can give them. The result includes unreliable systems with obscure and intermittent failures that can cost time, money and in extreme cases, lives. Reliable construction of distributed and concurrent systems must incorporate theory in practice.This book provides a concise presentation of the theory closely linked to the practical realisation of these concepts. This easy-to-follow textbook focuses on practical issues of building working distributed systems and gives an overview of the basic theory, principles and techniques, whilst illustrating how these fit together, via the process of building interesting, non-trivial systems.Topics and features:'¢ Provides all the elements needed for a complete development of a distributed system, from theory to practice'¢ Offers an integrated approach to the field of distributed processing, and presents a coherent view of the field as a practical subject'¢ Links theoretical models of concurrency with practical realisation of systems'¢ Contains many examples from C, Java Ada and Eiffel, as well as case studies'¢ Considers important aspects of the engineering process, including models that can be used to assess and analyse parts of distributed systems, implementation techniques, as well as protocols and security concerns'¢ Many pedagogical tools: chapter summaries, exercises (with sketch solutions and hints), comprehensive glossary, Internet support for students and instructors, accessible at http://www.scm.tees.ac.uk/p.j.brooke/dpb/.'¢ Ideal for use by lecturers as a coherent one-term course or module on distributed systemsWritten with undergraduates in mind, especially relevant for intermediate-level students, this user-friendly textbook will prove a clear and comprehensive guide to the topic and the foundations for a methodological approach to building these systems. Dr Phil Brooke is a lecturer in computer science at the University of Teesside, and Dr Richard Paige is a lecturer in computer science at the University of York. Both have extensive teaching experience, from which this textbook has grown.
Author Biography
Phil Brooke is a lecturer in computer science at the University of Teesside.
Table of Contents
| Preface | p. v |
| Contents | p. ix |
| What is Distributed Processing? | p. 1 |
| Overview | p. 1 |
| Evolution of computing and networking | p. 2 |
| Distributed processing | p. 3 |
| Application areas | p. 4 |
| Models | p. 4 |
| Mobile code | p. 5 |
| Challenges with distributed systems | p. 6 |
| Summary | p. 7 |
| Exercises | p. 8 |
| Concepts of Concurrency | p. 11 |
| Overview | p. 11 |
| Architectures in concurrency | p. 12 |
| Naming and addressing | p. 12 |
| Examples of names and addresses | p. 13 |
| Address mapping mechanisms | p. 14 |
| Sharing and synchronisation | p. 16 |
| Allocation of resources | p. 17 |
| Example: File synchronisation | p. 17 |
| Low-level synchronisation | p. 18 |
| Race conditions | p. 18 |
| Mutual exclusion | p. 19 |
| Semaphores | p. 20 |
| Monitors | p. 23 |
| Rendezvous | p. 25 |
| Timing and real-time systems | p. 26 |
| Dependability | p. 26 |
| Types of faults and failures | p. 27 |
| Responding to failure | p. 28 |
| Server types | p. 28 |
| Clusters, load-balancing and Grids | p. 29 |
| Summary | p. 30 |
| Exercises | p. 31 |
| Models of Concurrency | p. 33 |
| Overview | p. 33 |
| State machines and automata | p. 34 |
| SPIN and Promela | p. 35 |
| Process algebras | p. 36 |
| Communicating Sequential Processes | p. 37 |
| ¿-calculus and mobility | p. 39 |
| Linda | p. 41 |
| JavaSpaces | p. 42 |
| Deadlock revisited | p. 43 |
| Summary | p. 45 |
| Exercises | p. 47 |
| Concurrency in Operating Systems | p. 49 |
| Overview | p. 49 |
| Why use operating systems? | p. 50 |
| Processes and threads | p. 51 |
| Concept of a process | p. 51 |
| User and supervisor modes in CPUs | p. 52 |
| Multitasking | p. 52 |
| Threads and lightweight processes | p. 54 |
| Process and thread examples in Linux | p. 54 |
| Fork | p. 54 |
| Pthreads | p. 56 |
| Tasking in Ada | p. 58 |
| Summary | p. 60 |
| Exercises | p. 60 |
| Interprocess Communication | p. 63 |
| Overview | p. 63 |
| Pthreads IPC examples in Linux | p. 64 |
| Mutexes and shared memory | p. 64 |
| Semaphores | p. 66 |
| Condition variables | p. 68 |
| Mutual exclusion in Ada | p. 71 |
| BSD sockets | p. 74 |
| TCP client-server example | p. 75 |
| A simple TCP server | p. 75 |
| String termination and networks | p. 80 |
| A simple TCP client | p. 81 |
| TCP client with name lookup | p. 85 |
| UDP client-server example | p. 85 |
| UDP server | p. 85 |
| UDP client | p. 87 |
| Two-way communications | p. 89 |
| A forking TCP server | p. 91 |
| Blocking and select | p. 94 |
| Select for two-way communications | p. 95 |
| Select for serving multiple connections | p. 97 |
| Fault tolerance and IPC timing | p. 97 |
| Summary | p. 98 |
| Exercises | p. 98 |
| Protocols | p. 101 |
| Overview | p. 101 |
| Purpose of protocols | p. 102 |
| Issues in protocols | p. 102 |
| High- and low-level protocols | p. 102 |
| Messages | p. 105 |
| Platform dependence | p. 106 |
| Fault tolerance | p. 107 |
| Defining protocols | p. 109 |
| Encoding | p. 111 |
| Notation | p. 112 |
| Example: HTTP | p. 112 |
| Example: SMTP | p. 113 |
| Example: Alternating bit protocol | p. 114 |
| Summary | p. 117 |
| Exercises | p. 117 |
| Security | p. 121 |
| Overview | p. 121 |
| Definitions, concepts and terminology | p. 122 |
| Risk, threat and vulnerability | p. 122 |
| Objectives of security | p. 122 |
| Design | p. 123 |
| Security issues in distributed systems | p. 124 |
| Cryptography | p. 126 |
| Cryptography example: Digital signatures | p. 128 |
| Key management | p. 128 |
| Matching a public key to a user | p. 129 |
| Case study: Needham-Schroeder | p. 129 |
| Practical issues | p. 131 |
| C programming | p. 131 |
| Web applications | p. 132 |
| Operating system and network issues | p. 133 |
| SSL | p. 133 |
| Using SSL | p. 134 |
| Summary | p. 136 |
| Exercises | p. 136 |
| Languages and Distributed Processing | p. 139 |
| Overview | p. 139 |
| Suitability of languages | p. 140 |
| Distributed processing in C | p. 141 |
| C generally | p. 141 |
| Debugging C | p. 142 |
| Distributed processing in Java | p. 143 |
| Overview: the RMI model | p. 144 |
| Example | p. 145 |
| Alternatives | p. 147 |
| Distributed processing in Ada | p. 148 |
| Distributed processing in Eiffel and SCOOP | p. 149 |
| SCOOP: A concurrency model for Eiffel | p. 151 |
| Related work and prototypes | p. 152 |
| Comparison of languages | p. 153 |
| Language paradigm | p. 155 |
| Typing discipline | p. 156 |
| Networking support | p. 156 |
| Concurrency support | p. 157 |
| Interprocess communication support | p. 158 |
| Summary | p. 158 |
| Exercises | p. 159 |
| Building Distributed Systems | p. 161 |
| Overview | p. 161 |
| Method | p. 162 |
| Case study: Email | p. 163 |
| Typical use and requirements | p. 163 |
| Platform and language requirements | p. 164 |
| Architecture | p. 165 |
| Protocols and formats | p. 165 |
| Example: Sending email using PHP | p. 168 |
| Case study: Secure shell | p. 170 |
| Typical use and requirements | p. 171 |
| Platform requirements | p. 172 |
| Architecture | p. 172 |
| Protocols | p. 173 |
| Case study: Version control and synchronisation | p. 174 |
| Typical use and requirements | p. 175 |
| Platform requirements | p. 176 |
| Architecture | p. 177 |
| Protocols | p. 178 |
| Case study: Web applications | p. 178 |
| Summary | p. 180 |
| Exercises | p. 180 |
| Case Study: A Networked Game | p. 183 |
| Motivation and organisation | p. 183 |
| Outline structure and basic requirements | p. 184 |
| Analysis and design | p. 185 |
| Outline use cases | p. 186 |
| Detailed design issues | p. 189 |
| Security | p. 190 |
| Protocol | p. 191 |
| Protocol messages | p. 191 |
| Client login | p. 192 |
| Map server start-up and shutdown | p. 192 |
| UDP messages | p. 194 |
| Remarks on protocol | p. 196 |
| Data view | p. 197 |
| Implementation | p. 198 |
| Admin server | p. 199 |
| Map server | p. 200 |
| Player client | p. 200 |
| Running the example | p. 201 |
| Testing | p. 202 |
| Summary | p. 202 |
| Exercises | p. 203 |
| The End | p. 205 |
| Summary | p. 205 |
| Suggestions | p. 207 |
| Future directions | p. 209 |
| Interesting projects | p. 210 |
| Exercises: Hints and Comments | p. 213 |
| About the Example Code | p. 245 |
| Bibliography | p. 247 |
| Glossary | p. 253 |
| Index | p. 267 |
| Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |
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