Preface |
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xi | |
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Introduction to Sensor-Based Measurement Systems |
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1 | (72) |
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General Concepts and Terminology |
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1 | (5) |
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1 | (1) |
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Transducers, sensors and actuators |
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2 | (2) |
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Signal conditioning and display |
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4 | (1) |
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Interfaces, data domains, and conversion |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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General Input-Output Configuration |
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7 | (5) |
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Interfering and modifying inputs |
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7 | (4) |
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11 | (1) |
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Static Characteristics of Measurement Systems |
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12 | (9) |
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Accuracy, precision, and sensitivity |
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13 | (2) |
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Other characteristics: Linearity and resolution |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (3) |
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21 | (10) |
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Zero-order measurement systems |
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22 | (1) |
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First-order measurement systems |
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23 | (3) |
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Second-order measurement systems |
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26 | (5) |
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Other Sensor Characteristics |
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31 | (5) |
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Input characteristics: Impedance |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (18) |
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Temperature sensors: Bimetals |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (3) |
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Flow velocity and flow-rate sensors |
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41 | (7) |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (1) |
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Acceleration and inclination sensors |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (8) |
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Conductors, semiconductors, and dielectrics |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (3) |
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62 | (6) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Micromachining technologies |
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65 | (3) |
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68 | (5) |
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70 | (3) |
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73 | (60) |
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73 | (7) |
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80 | (8) |
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Fundamentals: Piezoresistive effect |
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80 | (5) |
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85 | (3) |
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Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTDs) |
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88 | (6) |
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94 | (15) |
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94 | (8) |
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Thermistors types and applications |
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102 | (4) |
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106 | (3) |
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109 | (5) |
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Light-Dependent Resistors (LDRs) |
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114 | (5) |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (5) |
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Liquid Conductivity Sensors |
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126 | (3) |
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129 | (4) |
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131 | (2) |
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Signal Conditioning for Resistive Sensors |
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133 | (74) |
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Measurement of Resistance |
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133 | (6) |
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139 | (13) |
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141 | (5) |
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Application to thermistors |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (2) |
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Amplifiers for voltage dividers |
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149 | (3) |
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Wheatstone Bridge: Balance Measurements |
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152 | (2) |
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Wheatstone Bridge: Deflection Measurements |
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154 | (16) |
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Sensitivity and linearity |
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154 | (4) |
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Analog linearization of resistive sensor bridges |
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158 | (1) |
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Sensor bridge calibration and balance |
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158 | (1) |
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Difference and average measurements and compensation |
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159 | (6) |
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Power supply of Wheatstone bridges |
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165 | (3) |
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Detection methods for Wheatstone bridges |
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168 | (2) |
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Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers |
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170 | (14) |
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170 | (7) |
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Instrumentation amplifier based on two op amps |
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177 | (2) |
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Instrumentation amplifiers based on three op amps |
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179 | (5) |
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184 | (14) |
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Interference types and reduction |
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184 | (4) |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (3) |
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193 | (5) |
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198 | (9) |
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205 | (2) |
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Reactance Variation and Electromagnetic Sensors |
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207 | (70) |
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207 | (13) |
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207 | (9) |
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216 | (4) |
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220 | (40) |
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Variable reluctance sensors |
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220 | (5) |
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225 | (4) |
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Linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) |
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229 | (9) |
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Variable transformers: Synchros, resolvers, and Inductosyn |
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238 | (12) |
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Magnetoelastic and magnetostrictive sensors |
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250 | (4) |
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Wiegand and pulse-wire sensors |
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254 | (2) |
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Saturation-core (flux-gate) sensors |
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256 | (2) |
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Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (12) |
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Sensors based on Faraday's law |
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260 | (7) |
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267 | (5) |
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272 | (5) |
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274 | (3) |
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Signal Conditioning for Reactance Variation Sensors |
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277 | (52) |
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Problems and Alternatives |
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277 | (4) |
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281 | (18) |
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Sensitivity and linearity |
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281 | (4) |
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Capacitive bridge analog linearization |
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285 | (1) |
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ac amplifiers and power supply decoupling |
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286 | (6) |
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Electrostatic shields and driven shields |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (5) |
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Carrier Amplifiers and Coherent Detection |
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299 | (14) |
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Fundamentals and structure of carrier amplifiers |
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299 | (7) |
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Phase-sensitive detectors |
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306 | (5) |
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311 | (2) |
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Specific Signal Conditioners for Capacitive Sensors |
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313 | (3) |
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Resolver-to-Digital and Digital-to-Resolver Converters |
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316 | (6) |
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Synchro-to-resolver converters |
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317 | (2) |
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Digital-to-resolver converters |
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319 | (2) |
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Resolver-to-digital converters |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (7) |
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326 | (3) |
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329 | (46) |
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Thermoelectric Sensors: Thermocouples |
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329 | (16) |
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Reversible thermoelectric effects |
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329 | (5) |
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334 | (5) |
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Practical thermocouple laws |
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339 | (2) |
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Cold junction compensation in thermocouple circuits |
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341 | (4) |
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345 | (12) |
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345 | (3) |
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348 | (2) |
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350 | (7) |
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357 | (6) |
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357 | (2) |
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359 | (1) |
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Radiation laws: Planck, Wien, and Stefan-Boltzmann |
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360 | (2) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (3) |
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363 | (2) |
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Materials and applications |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (3) |
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369 | (6) |
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373 | (2) |
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Signal Conditioning for Self-Generating Sensors |
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375 | (58) |
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Chopper and Low-Drift Amplifiers |
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376 | (12) |
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Offset and drifts in op amps |
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376 | (7) |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (2) |
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386 | (1) |
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Offset and drifts in instrumentation amplifiers |
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387 | (1) |
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Electrometer and Transimpedance Amplifiers |
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388 | (9) |
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Transimpedance amplifiers |
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391 | (3) |
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Current measurement by integration |
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394 | (1) |
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Cautions in designing electrometer circuits |
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395 | (2) |
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397 | (6) |
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403 | (18) |
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403 | (4) |
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407 | (9) |
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Noise in transimpedance amplifiers |
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416 | (2) |
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Noise in charge amplifiers |
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418 | (1) |
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Noise in instrumentation amplifiers |
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419 | (2) |
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Noise and Drift in Resistors |
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421 | (6) |
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421 | (3) |
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Drift in adjustable resistors (potentiometers) |
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424 | (1) |
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425 | (2) |
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427 | (6) |
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432 | (1) |
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Digital and Intelligent Sensors |
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433 | (68) |
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433 | (12) |
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Incremental position encoders |
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434 | (7) |
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Absolute position encoders |
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441 | (4) |
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445 | (13) |
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Sensors based on quartz resonators |
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447 | (4) |
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451 | (2) |
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Vibrating wire strain gages |
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453 | (2) |
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Vibrating cylinder sensors |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (2) |
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458 | (9) |
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459 | (1) |
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460 | (3) |
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Variable CMOS oscillators |
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463 | (2) |
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Linearity in variable oscillators |
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465 | (2) |
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Conversion to Frequency, Period, or Time Duration |
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467 | (9) |
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Voltage-to-frequency conversion |
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468 | (2) |
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Direct quantity-to-frequency conversion |
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470 | (4) |
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Direct quantity-to-time duration conversion |
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474 | (2) |
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Direct Sensor-Microcontroller Interfacing |
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476 | (10) |
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476 | (2) |
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Period and time-interval measurement |
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478 | (4) |
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Calculations and compensations |
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482 | (2) |
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Velocity measurement. Digital tachometers |
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484 | (2) |
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Communication Systems for Sensors |
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486 | (6) |
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Current telemetry: 4 to 20 mA loop |
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487 | (2) |
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Simultaneous analog and digital communication |
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489 | (1) |
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490 | (2) |
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492 | (2) |
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494 | (7) |
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498 | (3) |
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501 | (52) |
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Sensors Based on Semiconductor Junctions |
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501 | (21) |
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Thermometers based on semiconductor junctions |
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502 | (6) |
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Magnetodiodes and magnetotransistors |
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508 | (1) |
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509 | (9) |
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Position-sensitive detectors (PSDs) |
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518 | (1) |
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519 | (2) |
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Semiconductor-junction nuclear radiation detectors |
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521 | (1) |
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Sensors Based on MOSFET Transistors |
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522 | (3) |
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Charge-Coupled and CMOS Image Sensors |
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525 | (8) |
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525 | (4) |
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Types of CCD and CMOS imaging sensors and applications |
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529 | (4) |
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533 | (5) |
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533 | (2) |
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Fiber-optic sensor technologies and applications |
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535 | (3) |
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538 | (6) |
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Fundamentals of ultrasonic-based sensors |
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539 | (2) |
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Ultrasonic-based sensing methods and applications |
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541 | (3) |
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544 | (2) |
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546 | (7) |
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550 | (3) |
Appendix: Solutions to the Problems |
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553 | (18) |
Index |
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571 | |