Sensors and Signal Conditioning

by ;
Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2000-11-20
Publisher(s): Wiley-Interscience
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Summary

Praise for the First Edition . . . "A unique piece of work, a book for electronics engineering, in general, but well suited and excellently applicable also to biomedical engineering . . . I recommend it with no reservation, congratulating the authors for the job performed." -IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology "Describes a broad range of sensors in practical use and some circuit designs; copious information about electronic components is supplied, a matter of great value to electronic engineers. A large number of applications are supplied for each type of sensor described . . . This volume is of considerable importance."-Robotica In this new edition of their successful book, renowned authorities Ramon Pallàs-Areny and John Webster bring you up to speed on the latest advances in sensor technology, addressing both the explosive growth in the use of microsensors and improvements made in classical macrosensors. They continue to offer the only combined treatment for both sensors and the signal-conditioning circuits associated with them, following the discussion of a given sensor and its applications with signal-conditioning methods for this type of sensor. New and expanded coverage includes: * New sections on sensor materials and microsensor technology * Basic measurement methods and primary sensors for common physical quantities * A wide range of new sensors, from magnetoresistive sensors and SQUIDs to biosensors * The widely used velocity sensors, fiber-optic sensors, and chemical sensors * Variable CMOS oscillators and other digital and intelligent sensors * 68 worked-out examples and 103 end-of-chapter problems with annotated solutions

Author Biography

RAMON PALL+S-ARENY, PhD, is a professor at the Technical University of Catalonia (Spain). <p> . WEBSTER, PhD, is a professor at the University of Wisconsin.

Table of Contents

Preface xi
Introduction to Sensor-Based Measurement Systems
1(72)
General Concepts and Terminology
1(5)
Measurement systems
1(1)
Transducers, sensors and actuators
2(2)
Signal conditioning and display
4(1)
Interfaces, data domains, and conversion
4(2)
Sensor Classification
6(1)
General Input-Output Configuration
7(5)
Interfering and modifying inputs
7(4)
Compensation techniques
11(1)
Static Characteristics of Measurement Systems
12(9)
Accuracy, precision, and sensitivity
13(2)
Other characteristics: Linearity and resolution
15(2)
Systematic errors
17(1)
Random errors
18(3)
Dynamic Characteristics
21(10)
Zero-order measurement systems
22(1)
First-order measurement systems
23(3)
Second-order measurement systems
26(5)
Other Sensor Characteristics
31(5)
Input characteristics: Impedance
33(1)
Reliability
34(2)
Primary Sensors
36(18)
Temperature sensors: Bimetals
37(1)
Pressure sensors
38(3)
Flow velocity and flow-rate sensors
41(7)
Level sensors
48(2)
Force and torque sensors
50(1)
Acceleration and inclination sensors
51(1)
Velocity sensors
52(2)
Materials for Sensors
54(8)
Conductors, semiconductors, and dielectrics
57(2)
Magnetic materials
59(3)
Microsensor Technology
62(6)
Thick-film technology
63(1)
Thin-film technology
64(1)
Micromachining technologies
65(3)
Problems
68(5)
References
70(3)
Resistive Sensors
73(60)
Potentiometers
73(7)
Strain Gages
80(8)
Fundamentals: Piezoresistive effect
80(5)
Types and applications
85(3)
Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
88(6)
Thermistors
94(15)
Models
94(8)
Thermistors types and applications
102(4)
Linearization
106(3)
Magnetoresistors
109(5)
Light-Dependent Resistors (LDRs)
114(5)
Resistive Hygrometers
119(2)
Resistive Gas Sensors
121(5)
Liquid Conductivity Sensors
126(3)
Problems
129(4)
References
131(2)
Signal Conditioning for Resistive Sensors
133(74)
Measurement of Resistance
133(6)
Voltage Dividers
139(13)
Potentiometers
141(5)
Application to thermistors
146(1)
Dynamic measurements
147(2)
Amplifiers for voltage dividers
149(3)
Wheatstone Bridge: Balance Measurements
152(2)
Wheatstone Bridge: Deflection Measurements
154(16)
Sensitivity and linearity
154(4)
Analog linearization of resistive sensor bridges
158(1)
Sensor bridge calibration and balance
158(1)
Difference and average measurements and compensation
159(6)
Power supply of Wheatstone bridges
165(3)
Detection methods for Wheatstone bridges
168(2)
Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers
170(14)
Differential amplifiers
170(7)
Instrumentation amplifier based on two op amps
177(2)
Instrumentation amplifiers based on three op amps
179(5)
Interference
184(14)
Interference types and reduction
184(4)
Signal circuit grounding
188(2)
Shield grounding
190(3)
Isolation amplifiers
193(5)
Problems
198(9)
References
205(2)
Reactance Variation and Electromagnetic Sensors
207(70)
Capacitive Sensors
207(13)
Variable capacitor
207(9)
Differential capacitor
216(4)
Inductive Sensors
220(40)
Variable reluctance sensors
220(5)
Eddy current sensors
225(4)
Linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs)
229(9)
Variable transformers: Synchros, resolvers, and Inductosyn
238(12)
Magnetoelastic and magnetostrictive sensors
250(4)
Wiegand and pulse-wire sensors
254(2)
Saturation-core (flux-gate) sensors
256(2)
Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs)
258(2)
Electromagnetic Sensors
260(12)
Sensors based on Faraday's law
260(7)
Hall effect sensors
267(5)
Problems
272(5)
References
274(3)
Signal Conditioning for Reactance Variation Sensors
277(52)
Problems and Alternatives
277(4)
ac Bridges
281(18)
Sensitivity and linearity
281(4)
Capacitive bridge analog linearization
285(1)
ac amplifiers and power supply decoupling
286(6)
Electrostatic shields and driven shields
292(2)
ac/dc signal converters
294(5)
Carrier Amplifiers and Coherent Detection
299(14)
Fundamentals and structure of carrier amplifiers
299(7)
Phase-sensitive detectors
306(5)
Application to LVDTs
311(2)
Specific Signal Conditioners for Capacitive Sensors
313(3)
Resolver-to-Digital and Digital-to-Resolver Converters
316(6)
Synchro-to-resolver converters
317(2)
Digital-to-resolver converters
319(2)
Resolver-to-digital converters
321(1)
Problems
322(7)
References
326(3)
Self-Generating Sensors
329(46)
Thermoelectric Sensors: Thermocouples
329(16)
Reversible thermoelectric effects
329(5)
Common thermocouples
334(5)
Practical thermocouple laws
339(2)
Cold junction compensation in thermocouple circuits
341(4)
Piezoelectric Sensors
345(12)
The piezoelectric effect
345(3)
Piezoelectric materials
348(2)
Applications
350(7)
Pyroelectric Sensors
357(6)
The pyroelectric effect
357(2)
Pyroelectric materials
359(1)
Radiation laws: Planck, Wien, and Stefan-Boltzmann
360(2)
Applications
362(1)
Photovoltaic Sensors
363(3)
The Photovoltaic effect
363(2)
Materials and applications
365(1)
Electrochemical Sensors
366(3)
Problems
369(6)
References
373(2)
Signal Conditioning for Self-Generating Sensors
375(58)
Chopper and Low-Drift Amplifiers
376(12)
Offset and drifts in op amps
376(7)
Chopper amplifiers
383(1)
Autozero amplifiers
384(2)
Composite amplifiers
386(1)
Offset and drifts in instrumentation amplifiers
387(1)
Electrometer and Transimpedance Amplifiers
388(9)
Transimpedance amplifiers
391(3)
Current measurement by integration
394(1)
Cautions in designing electrometer circuits
395(2)
Charge Amplifiers
397(6)
Noise in Amplifiers
403(18)
Noise fundamentals
403(4)
Noise in op amps
407(9)
Noise in transimpedance amplifiers
416(2)
Noise in charge amplifiers
418(1)
Noise in instrumentation amplifiers
419(2)
Noise and Drift in Resistors
421(6)
Drift in fixed resistors
421(3)
Drift in adjustable resistors (potentiometers)
424(1)
Noise in resistors
425(2)
Problems
427(6)
References
432(1)
Digital and Intelligent Sensors
433(68)
Position Encoders
433(12)
Incremental position encoders
434(7)
Absolute position encoders
441(4)
Resonant Sensors
445(13)
Sensors based on quartz resonators
447(4)
SAW sensors
451(2)
Vibrating wire strain gages
453(2)
Vibrating cylinder sensors
455(1)
Digital flowmeters
456(2)
Variable Oscillators
458(9)
Sinusoidal oscillators
459(1)
Relaxation oscillators
460(3)
Variable CMOS oscillators
463(2)
Linearity in variable oscillators
465(2)
Conversion to Frequency, Period, or Time Duration
467(9)
Voltage-to-frequency conversion
468(2)
Direct quantity-to-frequency conversion
470(4)
Direct quantity-to-time duration conversion
474(2)
Direct Sensor-Microcontroller Interfacing
476(10)
Frequency measurement
476(2)
Period and time-interval measurement
478(4)
Calculations and compensations
482(2)
Velocity measurement. Digital tachometers
484(2)
Communication Systems for Sensors
486(6)
Current telemetry: 4 to 20 mA loop
487(2)
Simultaneous analog and digital communication
489(1)
Sensor buses: Fieldbus
490(2)
Intelligent Sensors
492(2)
Problems
494(7)
References
498(3)
Other Sensing Methods
501(52)
Sensors Based on Semiconductor Junctions
501(21)
Thermometers based on semiconductor junctions
502(6)
Magnetodiodes and magnetotransistors
508(1)
Photodiodes
509(9)
Position-sensitive detectors (PSDs)
518(1)
Phototransistors
519(2)
Semiconductor-junction nuclear radiation detectors
521(1)
Sensors Based on MOSFET Transistors
522(3)
Charge-Coupled and CMOS Image Sensors
525(8)
Fundamentals
525(4)
Types of CCD and CMOS imaging sensors and applications
529(4)
Fiber-Optic Sensors
533(5)
Fiber-optic basics
533(2)
Fiber-optic sensor technologies and applications
535(3)
Ultrasonic-Based Sensors
538(6)
Fundamentals of ultrasonic-based sensors
539(2)
Ultrasonic-based sensing methods and applications
541(3)
Biosensors
544(2)
Problems
546(7)
References
550(3)
Appendix: Solutions to the Problems 553(18)
Index 571

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