Smart Grid Fundamentals of Design and Analysis
by Momoh, James A.Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2012-03-20
Publisher(s): Wiley-IEEE Press
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Summary
The book is written as primer hand book for addressing the fundamentals of smart grid. It provides the working definition the functions, the design criteria and the tools and techniques and technology needed for building smart grid. The book is needed to provide a working guideline in the design, analysis and development of Smart Grid. It incorporates all the essential factors of Smart Grid appropriate for enabling the performance and capability of the power system. There are no comparable books which provide information on the "how to" of the design and analysis.The book provides a fundamental discussion on the motivation for the smart grid development, the working definition and the tools for analysis and development of the Smart Grid. Standards and requirements needed for designing new devices, systems and products are discussed; the automation and computational techniques need to ensure that the Smart Grid guarantees adaptability, foresight alongside capability of handling new systems and components are discussed. The interoperability of different renewable energy sources are included to ensure that there will be minimum changes in the existing legacy system.Overall the book evaluates different options of computational intelligence, communication technology and decision support system to design various aspects of Smart Grid. Strategies for demonstration of Smart Grid schemes on selected problems are presented.
Author Biography
JAMES MOMOH, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Director of the Center for Energy Systems and Control at Howard University. Dr. Momoh also serves as Principal Consultant at Bonneville Power Administration. He has authored or coauthored several books, including Operation and Control of Electric Energy Processing Systems and Economic Market Design and Planning for Electric Power Systems, both from Wiley-IEEE Press. Dr. Momoh is dedicated to the development of interdisciplinary research and education programs in systems engineering, energy systems, and power economics.
Table of Contents
| Preface | p. xiii |
| Smart Grid Architectural Designs | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Today's Grid versus the Smart Grid | p. 2 |
| Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: Rationale for the Smart Grid | p. 2 |
| Computational Intelligence | p. 4 |
| Power System Enhancement | p. 5 |
| Communication and Standards | p. 5 |
| Environment and Economics | p. 5 |
| Outline of the Book | p. 5 |
| General View of the Smart Grid Market Drivers | p. 6 |
| Stakeholder Roles and Function | p. 6 |
| Utilities | p. 9 |
| Government Laboratory Demonstration Activities | p. 9 |
| Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC) | p. 10 |
| Research Institutes | p. 10 |
| Technology Companies, Vendors, and Manufacturers | p. 10 |
| Working Definition of the Smart Grid Based on Performance Measures | p. 11 |
| Representative Architecture | p. 12 |
| Functions of Smart Grid Components | p. 12 |
| Smart Devices Interface Component | p. 13 |
| Storage Component | p. 13 |
| Transmission Subsystem Component | p. 14 |
| Monitoring and Control Technology Component | p. 14 |
| Intelligent Grid Distribution Subsystem Component | p. 14 |
| Demand Side Management Component | p. 14 |
| Summary | p. 15 |
| References | p. 15 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 15 |
| Smart Grid Communications and Measurement Technology | p. 16 |
| Communication and Measurement | p. 16 |
| Monitoring, PMU, Smart Meters, and Measurements Technologies | p. 19 |
| Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS) | p. 20 |
| Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) | p. 20 |
| Smart Meters | p. 21 |
| Smart Appliances | p. 22 |
| Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) | p. 22 |
| GIS and Google Mapping Tools | p. 23 |
| Multiagent Systems (MAS) Technology | p. 24 |
| Multiagent Systems for Smart Grid Implementation | p. 25 |
| Multiagent Specifications | p. 25 |
| Multiagent Technique | p. 26 |
| Microgrid and Smart Grid Comparison | p. 27 |
| Summary | p. 27 |
| References | p. 27 |
| Performance Analysis Tools for Smart Grid Design | p. 29 |
| Introduction to Load Flow Studies | p. 29 |
| Challenges to Load How in Smart Grid and Weaknesses of the Present Load Flow Methods | p. 30 |
| Load Flow State of the Art: Classical, Extended Formulations, and Algorithms | p. 31 |
| Gauss-Seidal Method | p. 31 |
| Newton-Raphson Method | p. 32 |
| Fast Decouple Method | p. 33 |
| Distribution Load Flow Methods | p. 33 |
| Congestion Management Effect | p. 37 |
| Load Flow for Smart Grid Design | p. 38 |
| Cases for the Development of Stochastic Dynamic Optimal Power How (DSOPF) | p. 41 |
| DSOPF Application to the Smart Grid | p. 41 |
| Static Security Assessment (SSA) and Contingencies | p. 43 |
| Contingencies and Their Classification | p. 44 |
| Steady-State Contingency Analysis | p. 46 |
| Performance Indices | p. 47 |
| Sensitivity-Based Approaches | p. 48 |
| Contingency Studies for the Smart Grid | p. 48 |
| Summary | p. 49 |
| References | p. 50 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 50 |
| Stability Analysis Tools for Smart Grid | p. 51 |
| Introduction to Stability | p. 51 |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of Existing Voltage Stability Analysis. Tools | p. 51 |
| Voltage Stability Assessment | p. 56 |
| Voltage Stability and Voltage Collapse | p. 57 |
| Classification of Voltage Stability | p. 58 |
| Static Stability (Type I Instability) | p. 59 |
| Dynamic Stability (Type II Instability) | p. 59 |
| Analysis Techniques for Dynamic Voltage Stability Studies | p. 60 |
| Voltage Stability Assessment Techniques | p. 62 |
| Voltage Stability Indexing | p. 65 |
| Analysis Techniques for Steady-State Voltage Stability Studies | p. 68 |
| Direct Methods for Detecting Voltage Collapse Points | p. 69 |
| Indirect Methods (Continuation Methods) | p. 69 |
| Application and Implementation Plan of Voltage Stability | p. 70 |
| Optimizing Stability Constraint through Preventive Control of Voltage Stability | p. 71 |
| Angle Stability Assessment | p. 73 |
| Transient Stability | p. 75 |
| Stability Application to a Practical Power System | p. 76 |
| Boundary of the Region of Stability | p. 77 |
| Algorithm to Find the Controlling UEP | p. 80 |
| Process Changes in Design of DSA for the Smart Grid | p. 80 |
| State Estimation | p. 81 |
| Mathematical Formulations for Weighted Least Square Estimation | p. 84 |
| Detection and Identification of Bad Data | p. 86 |
| Pre-Estimation Analysis | p. 86 |
| Postestimation Analysis | p. 88 |
| Robust State Estimation | p. 90 |
| SE for the Smart Grid Environment | p. 94 |
| Real-Time Network Modeling | p. 95 |
| Approach of the Smart Grid to State Estimation | p. 95 |
| Dynamic State Estimation | p. 97 |
| Summary | p. 98 |
| References | p. 98 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 98 |
| Computational Tools for Smart Grid Design | p. 100 |
| Introduction to Computational Tools | p. 100 |
| Decision Support Tools (DS) | p. 101 |
| Analytical Hierarchical Programming (AHP) | p. 102 |
| Optimization Techniques | p. 103 |
| Classical Optimization Method | p. 103 |
| Linear Programming | p. 103 |
| Nonlinear Programming | p. 105 |
| Integer Programming | p. 106 |
| Dynamic Programming | p. 107 |
| Stochastic Programming and Chance Constrained Programming (CCP) | p. 107 |
| Heuristic Optimization | p. 108 |
| Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) | p. 109 |
| Expert Systems (ES) | p. 111 |
| Evolutionary Computational Techniques | p. 112 |
| Genetic Algorithm (GA) | p. 112 |
| Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) | p. 113 |
| Ant Colony Optimization | p. 113 |
| Adaptive Dynamic Programming Techniques | p. 115 |
| Pareto Methods | p. 117 |
| Hybridizing Optimization Techniques and Applications to the Smart Grid | p. 118 |
| Computational Challenges | p. 118 |
| Summary | p. 119 |
| References | p. 120 |
| Pathway for Designing Smart Grid | p. 122 |
| Introduction to Smart Grid Pathway Design | p. 122 |
| Barriers and Solutions to Smart Grid Development | p. 122 |
| Solution Pathways for Designing Smart Grid Using Advanced Optimization and Control Techniques for Selection Functions | p. 125 |
| General Level Automation | p. 125 |
| Reliability | p. 125 |
| Stability | p. 127 |
| Economic Dispatch | p. 127 |
| Unit Commitment | p. 128 |
| Security Analysis | p. 130 |
| Bulk Power Systems Automation of the Smart Grid at Transmission Level | p. 130 |
| Fault and Stability Diagnosis | p. 131 |
| Reactive Power Control | p. 132 |
| Distribution System Automation Requirement of the Power Grid | p. 132 |
| Voltage/VAr Control | p. 132 |
| Power Quality | p. 135 |
| Network Reconfiguration | p. 136 |
| Demand-Side Management | p. 136 |
| Distribution Generation Control | p. 137 |
| End User/Appliance Level of the Smart Grid | p. 137 |
| Applications for Adaptive Control and Optimization | p. 137 |
| Summary | p. 138 |
| References | p. 138 |
| Suggested Reading | p. 139 |
| Renewable Energy and Storage | p. 140 |
| Renewable Energy Resources | p. 140 |
| Sustainable Energy Options for the Smart Grid | p. 141 |
| Solar Energy | p. 141 |
| Solar Power Technology | p. 142 |
| Modeling PV Systems | p. 142 |
| Wind Turbine Systems | p. 144 |
| Biomass-Bioenergy | p. 145 |
| Small and Micro Hydropower | p. 147 |
| Fuel Cell | p. 147 |
| Geothermal Heat Pumps | p. 148 |
| Penetration and Variability Issues Associated with Sustainable Energy Technology | p. 148 |
| Demand Response Issues | p. 150 |
| Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrids | p. 151 |
| PHEV Technology | p. 151 |
| Impact of PHEV on the Grid | p. 151 |
| Environmental Implications | p. 152 |
| Climate Change | p. 153 |
| Implications of Climate Change | p. 153 |
| Storage Technologies | p. 154 |
| Tax Credits | p. 158 |
| Summary | p. 159 |
| References | p. 159 |
| Suggested Reading | p. 159 |
| Interoperability, Standards, and Cyber Security | p. 160 |
| Introduction | p. 160 |
| Interoperability | p. 161 |
| State-of-the- Art-Interoperability | p. 161 |
| Benefits and Challenges of Interoperability | p. 161 |
| Model for Interoperability in the Smart Grid Environment | p. 162 |
| Smart Grid Network Interoperability | p. 162 |
| Interoperability and Control of the Power Grid | p. 163 |
| Standards | p. 163 |
| Approach to Smart Grid Interoperability Standards | p. 163 |
| Smart Grid Cyber Security | p. 166 |
| Cyber Security State of the Art | p. 166 |
| Cyber Security Risks | p. 169 |
| Cyber Security Concerns Associated with AMI | p. 171 |
| Mitigation Approach to Cyber Security Risks | p. 171 |
| Cyber Security and Possible Operation for Improving Methodology for Other Users | p. 173 |
| Summary | p. 174 |
| References | p. 174 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 174 |
| Research, Education, and Training for the Smart Grid | p. 176 |
| Introduction | p. 176 |
| Research Areas for Smart Grid Development | p. 176 |
| Research Activities in the Smart Grid | p. 178 |
| Multidisciplinary Research Activities | p. 178 |
| Smart Grid Education | p. 179 |
| Module 1: Introduction | p. 180 |
| Module 2: Architecture | p. 180 |
| Module 3: Functions | p. 181 |
| Module 4: Tools and Techniques | p. 181 |
| Module 5: Pathways to Design | p. 181 |
| Module 6: Renewable Energy Technologies | p. 181 |
| Module 7: Communication Technologies | p. 182 |
| Module 8: Standards, Interoperability, and Cyber Security | p. 182 |
| Module 9: Case Studies and Testbeds | p. 182 |
| Training and Professional Development | p. 182 |
| Summary | p. 183 |
| References | p. 183 |
| Case Studies and Testbeds for the Smart Grid | p. 184 |
| Introduction | p. 184 |
| Demonstration Projects | p. 184 |
| Advanced Metering | p. 185 |
| Microgrid with Renewable Energy | p. 185 |
| Power System Unit Commitment (UC) Problem | p. 186 |
| ADP for Optimal Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Automation | p. 191 |
| Case Study of RER Integration | p. 196 |
| Description of Smart Grid Activity | p. 196 |
| Approach for Smart Grid Application | p. 196 |
| Testbeds and Benchmark Systems | p. 197 |
| Challenges of Smart Transmission | p. 198 |
| Benefits of Smart Transmission | p. 198 |
| Summary | p. 198 |
| References | p. 199 |
| Epilogue | p. 200 |
| Index | p. 203 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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