Space-Time Block Coding for Wireless Communications

by
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2003-06-16
Publisher(s): Cambridge University Press
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Summary

Space-time coding is a technique that promises greatly improved performance in wireless networks by using multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver. Space-Time Block Coding for Wireless Communications is an introduction to the theory of this technology. The authors develop the topic using a unified framework and cover a variety of topics ranging from information theory to performance analysis and state-of-the-art space-time coding methods for both flat and frequency-selective fading multiple-antenna channels. The authors concentrate on key principles rather than specific practical applications, and present the material in a concise and accessible manner. Their treatment reviews the fundamental aspects of multiple-input, multiple output communication theory, and guides the reader through a number of topics at the forefront of current research and development. The book includes homework exercises and is aimed at graduate students and researchers working on wireless communications, as well as practitioners in the wireless industry.

Table of Contents

About the Authors x
Preface xiii
Notation xv
Commonly Used Symbols xvii
Abbreviations xix
Introduction
1(7)
Why Space-Time Diversity?
1(2)
Space-Time Coding
3(1)
An Introductory Example
3(4)
One Transmit Antenna and Two Receive Antennas
4(1)
Two Transmit Antennas and One Receive Antenna
5(2)
Outline of the Book
7(1)
Problems
7(1)
The Time-Invariant Linear Mimo Channel
8(14)
The Frequency Flat MIMO Channel
8(6)
The Noise Term
10(1)
Fading Assumptions
10(4)
The Frequency-Selective MIMO Channel
14(6)
Block Transmission
16(2)
Matrix Formulations
18(2)
Summary and Discussion
20(1)
Problems
21(1)
MIMO Information Theory
22(18)
Entropy and Mutual Information
22(3)
Capacity of the MIMO Channel
25(2)
Channel Capacity for Informed Transmitters
27(1)
Ergodic Channel Capacity
28(2)
The Ratio Between IT and UT Channel Capacities
30(3)
Outage Capacity
33(1)
Summary and Discussion
34(2)
Proofs
36(2)
Problems
38(2)
Error Probability Analysis
40(20)
Error Probability Analysis for SISO Channels
40(3)
Error Probability Analysis for MIMO Channels
43(8)
Pairwise Error Probability and Union Bound
44(1)
Coherent Maximum-Likelihood Detection
44(4)
Detection with Imperfect Channel Knowledge
48(1)
Joint ML Estimation/Detection
49(2)
Summary and Discussion
51(1)
Proofs
52(5)
Problems
57(3)
Receive Diversity
60(19)
Flat Channels
60(3)
Frequency-Selective Channels
63(12)
Transmission with Known Preamble and Postamble
64(6)
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
70(5)
Summary and Discussion
75(1)
Problems
76(3)
Transmit Diversity and Space-Time Coding
79(18)
Optimal Beamforming with Channel Known at Transmitter
79(3)
Achieving Transmit Diversity
82(5)
The ML Detector
83(1)
Minimizing the Conditional Error Probability
84(2)
Minimizing the Average Error Probability
86(1)
Discussion
86(1)
Space-Time Coding
87(7)
Alamouti's Space-Time Code
87(3)
Space-Time Block Coding (STBC)
90(1)
Linear STBC
91(1)
Nonlinear STBC
91(1)
Space-Time Trellis Coding
91(3)
Summary and Discussion
94(1)
Problems
95(2)
Linear STBC for Flat Fading Channels
97(33)
A General Framework for Linear STBC
97(2)
Spatial Multiplexing
99(1)
Linear Dispersion Codes
100(1)
Orthogonal STBC
101(21)
ML Detection of OSTBC in a General Framework
105(2)
Error Performance of OSTBC
107(8)
Mutual Information Properties of OSTBC
115(3)
Minimum MSE Optimality of OSTBC
118(2)
Geometric Properties of OSTBC
120(1)
Union Bound Optimality of OSTBC
121(1)
STBC Based on Linear Constellation Precoding
122(2)
Summary and Discussion
124(1)
Proofs
125(3)
Problems
128(2)
Linear STBC for Frequency-Selective Channels
130(27)
Achieving Diversity for a Frequency-Selective Channel
130(2)
Space-Time OFDM (ST-OFDM)
132(7)
Transmit Encoding for ST-OFDM
132(2)
ML Detection
134(1)
ST-OFDM with Linear STBC
135(1)
ST-OFDM with OSTBC
136(1)
ST-OFDM with the Alamouti Code
136(1)
ST-OFDM with Linear Precoding
137(1)
Discussion
138(1)
Time-Reversal OSTBC (TR-OSTBC)
139(16)
Transmission Scheme
139(2)
ML Detection
141(2)
Achievable Diversity Order
143(2)
Decoupling, Matched Filtering and Approximate ML Equalization
145(2)
Linear Equalization
147(1)
Numerical Performance Study
148(4)
TR-OSTBC for nt > 2
152(3)
Discussion
155(1)
Summary and Discussion
155(1)
Problems
156(1)
Coherent and Non-Coherent Receivers
157(55)
Coherent Detection of Linear STBC
157(10)
White Noise
158(1)
Spatially Colored Noise
159(1)
The Integer-Constrained Least-Squares Problem
160(7)
Concatenation of Linear STBC with Outer Codes
167(2)
Optimal Information Transfer
167(1)
Bit Metric Computations
168(1)
Joint ML Detection and Estimation
169(4)
White Noise
169(2)
Colored Noise
171(2)
Training-Based Detection
173(10)
Optimal Training for White Noise
174(3)
Optimal Training for Colored Noise
177(1)
Training for Frequency-Selective Channels
178(5)
Blind and Semi-Blind Detection Methods
183(7)
Cyclic Minimization of the ML Metric
183(7)
Differential Space-Time Block Coding (with G. Ganesan)
190(9)
Review of Differential Modulation for a SISO System
190(2)
Differential Modulation for MIMO Systems
192(7)
Channels with Frequency Offsets
199(7)
Channel Model
200(1)
ML Estimation
200(3)
A Simplified Channel Model
203(3)
Summary and Discussion
206(2)
Problems
208(4)
Space-Time Coding for Informed Transmitters
212(11)
Introduction
212(1)
Information Theoretical Considerations
213(1)
STBC with Linear Precoding
214(6)
Quantized Feedback and Diversity
215(1)
Linear Precoding for Known Fading Statistics
216(2)
OSTBC with One-Bit Feedback for nt = 2
218(2)
Summary and Discussion
220(2)
Problems
222(1)
Space-Time Coding in a Multiuser Environment
223(12)
Introduction
223(1)
Statistical Properties of Multiuser Interference
224(3)
OSTBC and Multiuser Interference
227(7)
The Algebraic Structure of OSTBC
227(1)
Suppression of Multiuser Interference in an OSTBC System
228(6)
Summary and Discussion
234(1)
Problems
234(1)
A SELECTED MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND MATERIAL
235(12)
Complex Baseband Representation of Bandpass Signals
235(2)
Review of Some Concepts in Matrix Algebra
237(4)
Selected Concepts from Probability Theory
241(1)
Selected Problems
242(5)
B THE THEORY OF AMICABLE ORTHOGONAL DESIGNS
247(17)
G. Ganesan
The Case of Real Symbols
247(6)
Square OSTBC Matrices (nt = N)
249(3)
Non-Square OSTBC Matrices (nt < N)
252(1)
The Case of Complex Symbols
253(8)
Rate-1/2 Complex OSTBC Designs
253(1)
Full-Rate Designs
254(2)
Achieving Rates Higher than 1/2 for nt ≥ 2
256(4)
Generalized Designs for Complex Symbols
260(1)
Discussion
260(1)
Summary
261(1)
Proofs
261(3)
References 264(16)
Index 280

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