SQL For Dummies<sup>®</sup>, 6th Edition,9780470046524

SQL For Dummies®, 6th Edition

by
Edition: 6th
ISBN13: 9780470046524
ISBN10: 047004652X
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2006-08-01
Publisher(s): For Dummies
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Summary

See how SQL interfaces with today's environments Start building and using relational databases with SQL's newest features The database may be the twenty-first century filing cabinet, but building one is a little more complex than sliding drawers into a metal box. With this book to guide you through all the newest features of SQL, you'll soon be whipping up relational databases, using SQL with XML to power data-driven Web sites, and more! Discover how to * Use SQL in a client/server system * Build a multitable relational database * Construct nested and recursive queries * Set up database security * Use SQL within applications * Map SQL to XML

Author Biography

Allen G. Taylor is a 30-year veteran of the computer industry and the author of 24 books, including Crystal Reports 10 For Dummies, Database Development For Dummies, Access Power Programming with VBA, and SQL Weekend Crash Course. He lectures internationally on databases, networks, innovation, and entrepreneurship. He also teaches database development through a leading online education provider and teaches digital electronics and computer architecture at Portland State University. He teaches computer hardware via distance learning at the International Institute for Information Science & Technology in Shanghai, China. For the latest news on Allen’s activities, check out www.DatabaseCentral.Info. You can contact Allen at allen.taylor@ieee.org.

Table of Contents

Introduction 1(1)
About This Book
1(1)
Who Should Read This Book?
2(1)
How This Book Is Organized
2(2)
Part I: Basic Concepts
2(1)
Part II: Using SQL to Build Databases
2(1)
Part III: Storing and Retrieving Data
3(1)
Part IV: Controlling Operations
3(1)
Part V: Taking SQL to the Real World
3(1)
Part VI: Advanced Topics
3(1)
Part VII: The Part of Tens
4(1)
Part VIII: Appendixes
4(1)
Icons Used in This Book
4(1)
Getting Started
4(1)
Part I: Basic Concepts
5(68)
Relational Database Fundamentals
7(14)
Keeping Track of Things
7(1)
What Is a Database?
8(1)
Database Size and Complexity
9(1)
What Is a Database Management System?
9(1)
Flat Files
10(2)
Database Models
12(8)
Relational model
12(1)
Why relational is better
13(1)
Components of a relational database
13(1)
Holidays bring families together
13(2)
Enjoy the view
15(3)
Schemas, domains, and constraints
18(1)
The object model challenges the relational model
19(1)
The object-relational model
19(1)
Database Design Considerations
20(1)
SQL Fundamentals
21(26)
What SQL Is and Isn't
21(2)
A (Very) Little History
23(1)
SQL Commands
24(1)
Reserved Words
25(1)
Data Types
26(16)
Exact numerics
26(2)
Approximate numerics
28(2)
Character strings
30(2)
Booleans
32(1)
Datetimes
32(2)
Intervals
34(1)
XML type
34(1)
ROW types
35(1)
Collection types
36(1)
REF types
37(1)
User-defined types
37(3)
Data type summary
40(2)
Null Values
42(1)
Constraints
42(1)
Using SQL in a Client/Server System
43(2)
The server
43(1)
The client
44(1)
Using SQL on the Internet/Intranet
45(2)
The Components of SQL
47(26)
Data Definition Language
48(11)
When ``Just do it!'' is not good advice
48(1)
Creating tables
49(2)
A room with a view
51(5)
Collecting tables into schemas
56(1)
Ordering by catalog
57(1)
Getting familiar with DDL commands
58(1)
Data Manipulation Language
59(7)
Value expressions
60(3)
Predicates
63(1)
Logical connectives
64(1)
Set functions
64(2)
Subqueries
66(1)
Data Control Language
66(7)
Transactions
66(1)
Users and privileges
67(3)
Referential integrity constraints can jeopardize your data
70(2)
Delegating responsibility for security
72(1)
Part II: Using SQL to Build Databases
73(48)
Building and Maintaining a Simple Database Structure
75(16)
Building a Simple Database Using a RAD Tool
76(10)
Deciding what to track
76(1)
Creating a table with Design View
77(3)
Altering the table structure
80(2)
Identifying a primary key
82(1)
Creating an index
83(2)
Deleting a table
85(1)
Building PowerDesign with SQL's DDL
86(4)
Using SQL with Microsoft Access
87(1)
Creating a table
87(1)
Creating an index
88(1)
Altering the table structure
89(1)
Deleting a table
89(1)
Deleting an index
90(1)
Portability Considerations
90(1)
Building a Multitable Relational Database
91(30)
Designing a Database
91(9)
Step 1: Defining objects
92(1)
Step 2: Identifying tables and columns
92(1)
Step 3: Defining tables
93(4)
Domains, character sets, collations, and translations
97(1)
Getting into your database fast with keys
98(2)
Working with Indexes
100(4)
What's an index, anyway?
101(1)
Why you should want an index
102(1)
Maintaining an index
103(1)
Maintaining Integrity
104(10)
Entity integrity
104(1)
Domain integrity
105(1)
Referential integrity
106(3)
Just when you thought it was safe
109(1)
Potential problem areas
109(2)
Constraints
111(3)
Normalizing the Database
114(7)
First normal form
116(1)
Second normal form
117(1)
Third normal form
118(1)
Domain-key normal form (DK/NF)
119(1)
Abnormal form
120(1)
Part III: Storing and Retrieving Data
121(132)
Manipulating Database Data
123(18)
Retrieving Data
124(1)
Creating Views
125(4)
From tables
126(1)
With a selection condition
127(1)
With a modified attribute
128(1)
Updating Views
129(1)
Adding New Data
130(5)
Adding data one row at a time
130(2)
Adding data only to selected columns
132(1)
Adding a block of rows to a table
132(3)
Updating Existing Data
135(3)
Transferring Data
138(1)
Deleting Obsolete Data
139(2)
Specifying Values
141(22)
Values
141(6)
Row values
142(1)
Literal values
142(2)
Variables
144(2)
Special variables
146(1)
Column references
146(1)
Value Expressions
147(4)
String value expressions
148(1)
Numeric value expressions
149(1)
Datetime value expressions
149(1)
Interval value expressions
150(1)
Conditional value expressions
150(1)
Functions
151(12)
Summarizing by using set functions
151(3)
Value functions
154(9)
Using Advanced SQL Value Expressions
163(12)
CASE Conditional Expressions
163(7)
Using CASE with search conditions
164(2)
Using CASE with values
166(2)
A special CASE --- NULLIF
168(2)
Another special CASE --- COALESCE
170(1)
CAST Data-Type Conversions
170(3)
Using CAST within SQL
172(1)
Using CAST between SQL and the host language
172(1)
Row Value Expressions
173(2)
Zeroing In on the Data You Want
175(26)
Modifying Clauses
175(2)
From Clauses
177(1)
Where Clauses
177(17)
Comparison predicates
179(1)
Between
180(1)
In and Not In
181(1)
Like and Not Like
182(2)
Similar
184(1)
Null
184(1)
All, Some, Any
185(3)
Exists
188(1)
Unique
189(1)
Distinct
189(1)
Overlaps
190(1)
Match
190(2)
Referential integrity rules and the Match predicate
192(2)
Logical Connectives
194(2)
And
194(1)
OR
195(1)
NOT
195(1)
Group by Clauses
196(1)
Having Clauses
197(1)
Order by Clauses
198(3)
Using Relational Operators
201(24)
Union
201(3)
The Union All operation
203(1)
The Corresponding operation
203(1)
Intersect
204(1)
Except
205(1)
Various Joins
206(17)
Basic join
206(2)
Equi-join
208(2)
Cross join
210(1)
Natural join
210(1)
Condition join
211(1)
Column-name join
211(1)
Inner join
212(1)
Outer join
213(3)
Union join
216(7)
On versus Where
223(2)
Delving Deep with Nested Queries
225(18)
What Subqueries Do
226(17)
Nested queries that return sets of rows
227(3)
Nested queries that return a single value
230(3)
The All, Some, and Any quantifiers
233(2)
Nested queries that are an existence test
235(1)
Other correlated subqueries
236(4)
Update, Delete, and Insert statements
240(3)
Recursive Queries
243(10)
What Is Recursion?
243(3)
Houston, we have a problem
244(1)
Failure is not an option
244(2)
What Is a Recursive Query?
246(1)
Where Might You Use a Recursive Query?
247(5)
Querying the hard way
248(1)
Saving time with a recursive query
249(3)
Where Else Might You Use a Recursive Query?
252(1)
Part IV: Controlling Operations
253(48)
Providing Database Security
255(14)
The SQL Data Control Language
256(1)
User Access Levels
256(2)
The database administrator
256(1)
Database object owners
257(1)
The public
257(1)
Granting Privileges to Users
258(7)
Roles
260(1)
Inserting data
260(1)
Looking at data
260(1)
Modifying table data
261(1)
Deleting obsolete rows from a table
262(1)
Referencing related tables
262(1)
Using domains, character sets, collations, and translations
263(1)
Causing SQL statements to be executed
264(1)
Granting the Power to Grant Privileges
265(1)
Taking Privileges Away
266(2)
Using GRANT and REVOKE Together to Save Time and Effort
268(1)
Protecting Data
269(18)
Threats to Data Integrity
269(4)
Platform instability
270(1)
Equipment failure
270(1)
Concurrent access
271(2)
Reducing Vulnerability to Data Corruption
273(9)
Using SQL transactions
274(1)
The default transaction
275(1)
Isolation levels
276(2)
The implicit transaction-starting statement
278(1)
Set Transaction
278(1)
Commit
279(1)
Rollback
279(1)
Locking database objects
280(1)
Backing up your data
281(1)
Savepoints and subtransactions
281(1)
Constraints Within Transactions
282(5)
Using SQL within Applications
287(14)
SQL in an Application
288(3)
Keeping an eye out for the asterisk
288(1)
SQL strengths and weaknesses
289(1)
Procedural language strengths and weaknesses
289(1)
Problems in combining SQL with a procedural language
290(1)
Hooking SQL into Procedural Languages
291(10)
Embedded SQL
291(3)
Module language
294(2)
Object-oriented RAD tools
296(1)
Using SQL with Microsoft Access
297(4)
Part V: Taking SQL to the Real World
301(32)
Accessing Data with ODBC and JDBC
303(10)
ODBC
304(1)
The ODBC interface
304(1)
Components of ODBC
304(1)
ODBC in a Client/Server Environment
305(1)
ODBC and the Internet
306(13)
Server extensions
307(1)
Client extensions
308(11)
ODBC and an Intranet
319
JDBC
310(3)
Operating on XML Data with SQL
313(20)
How XML Relates to SQL
313(1)
The XML Data Type
314(2)
When to use the XML type
314(1)
When not to use the XML type
315(1)
Mapping SQL to XML and XML to SQL
316(4)
Mapping character sets
316(1)
Mapping identifiers
316(1)
Mapping data types
317(1)
Mapping tables
318(1)
Handling null values
318(1)
Generating the XML Schema
319(1)
SQL Functions that Operate on XML Data
320(4)
XMLELEMENT
320(1)
XMLFOREST
321(1)
XMLCONCAT
321(1)
XMLAGG
322(1)
XMLCOMMENT
322(1)
XMLPARSE
323(1)
XMLPI
323(1)
XMLQUERY
323(1)
XMLCAST
324(1)
Predicates
324(2)
Document
325(1)
Content
325(1)
XMLEXISTS
325(1)
Valid
326(1)
Transforming XML Data into SQL Tables
326(2)
Mapping Non-Predefined Data Types to XML
328(4)
Domain
328(1)
Distinct UDT
329(1)
Row
329(1)
Array
330(1)
Multiset
331(1)
The Marriage of SQL and XML
332(1)
Part VI: Advanced Topics
333(40)
Stepping through a Dataset with Cursors
335(10)
Declaring a Cursor
336(4)
The query expression
337(1)
The Order by clause
337(1)
The updatability clause
338(1)
Sensitivity
339(1)
Scrollability
340(1)
Opening a Cursor
340(2)
Fetching Data from a Single Row
342(2)
Syntax
342(1)
Orientation of a scrollable cursor
343(1)
Positioned Delete and Update statements
343(1)
Closing a Cursor
344(1)
Adding Procedural Capabilities with Persistent Stored Modules
345(16)
Compound Statements
345(7)
Atomicity
346(1)
Variables
347(1)
Cursors
348(1)
Conditions
348(1)
Handling conditions
349(2)
Conditions that aren't handled
351(1)
Assignment
352(1)
Flow of Control Statements
352(5)
If. . .Then. . .Else. . .End If
352(1)
Case. . .End Case
353(1)
Loop. . .Endloop
354(1)
Leave
355(1)
While. . .Do. . .End While
355(1)
Repeat. . .Until. . .End Repeat
356(1)
For. . .Do. . .End For
356(1)
Iterate
356(1)
Stored Procedures
357(1)
Stored Functions
358(1)
Privileges
359(1)
Stored Modules
359(2)
Handling Errors
361(12)
SQLSTATE
361(2)
Whenever Clause
363(1)
Diagnostics Areas
364(7)
The diagnostics header area
364(2)
The diagnostics detail area
366(2)
Constraint violation example
368(1)
Adding constraints to an existing table
369(1)
Interpreting the information returned by SQLSTATE
370(1)
Handling Exceptions
371(2)
Part VII: The Part of Tens
373(10)
Ten Common Mistakes
375(4)
Assuming That Your Clients Know What They Need
375(1)
Ignoring Project Scope
376(1)
Considering Only Technical Factors
376(1)
Not Asking for Client Feedback
376(1)
Always Using Your Favorite Development Environment
377(1)
Using Your Favorite System Architecture Exclusively
377(1)
Designing Database Tables in Isolation
377(1)
Neglecting Design Reviews
378(1)
Skipping Beta Testing
378(1)
Not Documenting Your Process
378(1)
Ten Retrieval Tips
379(4)
Verify the Database Structure
379(1)
Try Queries on a Test Database
380(1)
Double-Check Queries That Include Joins
380(1)
Triple-Check Queries with Subselects
380(1)
Summarize Data with Group by
380(1)
Watch Group by Clause Restrictions
381(1)
Use Parentheses with AND, OR, and NOT
381(1)
Control Retrieval Privileges
381(1)
Back Up Your Databases Regularly
382(1)
Handle Error Conditions Gracefully
382(1)
Part VIII: Appendixes
383(14)
Appendix A: SQL:2003 Reserved Words
385(4)
Appendix B: Glossary
389(8)
Index 397

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