Structural Masonry Designers' Manual,9780632056125

Structural Masonry Designers' Manual

by ; ; ; ;
Edition: 3rd
ISBN13: 9780632056125
ISBN10: 0632056126
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2006-07-12
Publisher(s): Wiley-Blackwell
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Summary

This major handbook covers the structural use of brick and blockwork. A major feature is a series of step-by-step design examples of typical elements and buildings. The book has been revised to include updates to the code of practice BS 5628:2000-2 and the 2004 version of Part A of the Building Regulations. New information on sustainability issues, innovation in masonry, health and safety issues and technical developments has been added.

Author Biography

Curtins Consulting Engineers is a medium sized firm of structural engineers with 11 offices in the UK. They are well known for their work on foundations and have also authored another book with Blackwell Structural Masonry Designers’ Manual (third edition due 2005).

Dave Easterbrook - Lecturer, School of Engineering, University of Plymouth.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Third Edition x
Acknowledgements xi
The Authors xii
Notation xiii
Introduction
1(3)
Present structural forms
1(1)
Examples of structural layout suiting masonry
2(1)
Reinforced and post-tensioned masonry
2(1)
Arches and vaults
2(1)
The robustness of masonry structures
2(1)
Prefabrication
3(1)
Future tradesmen
3(1)
Engineering education
3(1)
Advantages and disadvantages of structural masonry
4(6)
Advantages
4(3)
Cost
4(1)
Speed of erection
4(1)
Aesthetics
4(1)
Durability
5(1)
Sound insulation
5(1)
Thermal insulation
5(1)
Fire resistance and accidental damage
5(1)
Capital and current energy requirements
6(1)
Resistance to movement
6(1)
Repair and maintenance
6(1)
Ease of combination with other materials
7(1)
Availability of materials and labour
7(1)
Recyclability
7(1)
Disadvantages
7(3)
Lack of education in masonry
7(1)
Increase in obstructed area over steel and reinforced concrete
7(1)
Problems with some isolated details
7(1)
Foundations
8(1)
Large openings
8(1)
Beams and slabs
8(1)
Control joints
8(1)
Health and safety considerations
8(2)
Design philosophy
10(6)
Strength of material
10(1)
Exploitation of cross-section
10(3)
Exploitation of essential building elements
13(3)
Limit state design
16(2)
Basis of design (1): Vertical loading
18(29)
Compressive strength of masonry
18(1)
Characteristic strength and characteristic load
18(2)
Partial safety factors for loads, γf
20(1)
Characteristic compressive strength of masonry, fk
20(7)
Brickwork
22(1)
Blockwork
23(2)
Natural stone masonry and random rubble masonry
25(1)
Alternative construction techniques
26(1)
Partial safety factors for material strength, γm
27(1)
Manufacturing control (BS 5628, clause 27.2.1)
27(1)
Construction control
27(1)
Slenderness ratio
28(1)
Horizontal and vertical lateral supports
28(4)
Methods of compliance: Walls -- horizontal lateral supports
29(3)
Methods of compliance: Walls -- vertical lateral supports
32(1)
Effective height or length: Walls
32(2)
Effective thickness of walls
34(1)
Solid walls
34(1)
Cavity walls
34(1)
Loadbearing capacity reduction factor, β
35(1)
Design compressive strength of a wall
36(1)
Columns
36(3)
Slenderness ratio: Columns
36(1)
Columns formed by openings
37(1)
Design strength
38(1)
Columns or walls of small plan area
39(1)
Eccentric loading
39(1)
Combined effect of slenderness and eccentricity of load
40(3)
Walls
40(1)
Columns
41(2)
Concentrated loads
43(4)
Basis of design (2): Lateral loading -- tensile and shear strength
47(26)
Direct tensile stress
48(1)
Characteristic flexural strength (tensile) of masonry, fkx
48(3)
Orthogonal ratio
49(2)
Moments of resistance: General
51(3)
Moments of resistance: uncracked sections
51(2)
Moments of resistance: Cracked sections
53(1)
Cavity Walls
54(3)
Vertical twist ties
55(1)
Double-triangle and wire butterfly ties
56(1)
Selection of ties
56(1)
Double-lead (collar-jointed) walls
57(1)
Grouted cavity walls
57(1)
Differing orthogonal ratios
57(1)
Effective eccentricity method of design
57(1)
Arch method of design
58(4)
Vertical arching
58(2)
Vertical arching: Return walls
60(1)
Horizontal arching
60(2)
Free-standing walls
62(1)
General
62(1)
Design bending moments
62(1)
Design moment of resistance
63(1)
Retaining walls
63(1)
Panel walls
63(6)
Limiting dimensions
63(1)
Design methods
64(1)
Design bending moment
64(4)
Design moments of resistance
68(1)
Design of ties
68(1)
Propped cantilever wall design
69(1)
Geometric and other sections in shear
70(1)
Eccentricity of loading in plane of wall
70(1)
Design of walls loaded eccentrically in the plane of the wall
71(1)
Walls subjected to shear forces
71(2)
Characteristic and design shear strength
71(1)
Resistance to shear
72(1)
Strapping, propping and tying of loadbearing masonry
73(21)
Structural action
74(2)
Horizontal movement
76(1)
Shear keying between wall and floors
77(1)
Holding down roofs subject to upward forces
77(1)
Areas of concern
77(1)
Other factors influencing the details of connections
78(2)
Illustrated examples of strapping and tying
80(9)
Design examples: Straps and ties for a three-storey masonry building
89(5)
Stability, accidental damage and progressive collapse
94(16)
Progressive collapse
94(2)
Stability
96(2)
Accidental forces (BS 5628, clause 20)
98(1)
During construction
99(1)
Extent of damage
99(1)
Design for accidental damage
100(10)
Partial safety factors
100(1)
Methods (options) of checking
101(1)
Loadbearing elements
101(2)
Protected member
103(6)
General notes
109(1)
Structural elements and forms
110(14)
Structural elements
110(6)
Single-leaf walls
110(1)
Double-leaf collar-jointed walls
110(1)
Double-leaf cavity walls
110(1)
Double-leaf grouted cavity walls
110(1)
Faced walls
111(1)
Veneered walls
111(1)
Walls with improved section modulus
111(2)
Reinforced walls
113(1)
Post-tensioned walls
114(1)
Columns
114(1)
Arches
115(1)
Circular and elliptical tube construction
116(1)
Composite construction
116(1)
Horizontally reinforced masonry
116(1)
Structural forms
116(8)
Chimneys
116(2)
Crosswall construction
118(1)
Cellular construction
119(1)
Column and plate floor construction
119(1)
Combined forms of construction
120(1)
Diaphragm wall and plate roof construction
121(1)
Fin wall and plate roof construction
121(1)
Miscellaneous wall and plate roof construction
121(1)
Spine wall construction
121(1)
Arch and buttressed construction
122(1)
Compression tube construction
123(1)
Design of masonry elements (1): Vertically loaded
124(18)
Principle of design
124(1)
Estimation of element size required
124(1)
Sequence of design
124(1)
Design of solid walls
124(6)
Design of cavity walls
130(4)
Ungrouted cavity walls
130(2)
Grouted cavity walls
132(2)
Double-leaf (or collar-jointed) walls
134(1)
Design of walls with stiffening piers
134(2)
Masonry columns
136(2)
Diaphragm walls
138(2)
Concentrated loads
140(2)
Design of masonry elements (2): Combined bending and axial loading
142(31)
Method of design
142(31)
Design of single-storey buildings
173(5)
Design considerations
173(4)
Design procedure
177(1)
Fin and diaphragm walls in tall single-storey buildings
178(36)
Comparison of fin and diaphragm walls
179(1)
Design and construction details
180(1)
Architectural design and detailing
181(2)
Services
182(1)
Sound and thermal insulation
183(1)
Damp proof courses and membranes
183(1)
Cavity cleaning
183(1)
Structural detailing
183(3)
Foundations
184(1)
Joints
184(1)
Wall openings
185(1)
Construction of capping beam
185(1)
Temporary propping and scaffolding
185(1)
Structural design: General
186(5)
Design principles: Propped cantilever
186(1)
Calculate design loadings
187(1)
Consider levels of critical stresses
188(1)
Design bending moments
188(2)
Stability moment of resistance, MRs
190(1)
Shear lag
190(1)
Principal tensile stress
190(1)
Design symbols: Fin and diaphragm walls
191(1)
Fin walls: Structural design considerations
191(2)
Interaction between leaves
191(1)
Spacing of fins
191(1)
Size of fins
192(1)
Effective section and trial section
192(1)
Example 1: Fin wall
193(9)
Design problem
193(1)
Design approach
194(1)
Characteristic loads
194(1)
Design loads
194(1)
Design cases (as shown in Figure 13.42)
194(1)
Deflection of roof wind girder
194(2)
Effective flange width for T profile
196(1)
Spacing of fins
196(1)
Trial section
196(1)
Consider propped cantilever action
197(1)
Stability moment of resistance
197(1)
Allowable flexural compressive stresses, pubc, taking into account slenderness, β, and material, γm
197(2)
Calculate MR and compare with Mb
199(1)
Bending moment diagrams
200(1)
Consider stresses at level of Mw
200(1)
Design flexural stress at Mw levels
201(1)
Consider fins and deflected roof prop
202(1)
Diaphragm wall: Structural design considerations
202(5)
Determination of rib centres, Br
202(2)
Depth of diaphragm wall and properties of sections
204(1)
Shear stress coefficient, K1
205(1)
Trial section coefficients, K2 and Z
206(1)
Example 2: Diaphragm wall
207(4)
Design problem
207(1)
Characteristic and design loads
207(1)
Select trial section
208(1)
Determine wind and moment MRs at base
208(1)
Consider stress at level Mw
209(1)
Consider diaphragm with deflected roof prop
210(1)
Calculate shear stress
211(1)
Stability of transverse shear walls
211(1)
Summary
211(1)
Other applications
211(3)
Design of multi-storey structures
214(29)
Structural forms
214(5)
Stability
215(1)
External walls
215(1)
Provision for services
216(1)
Movement joints
216(1)
Vertical alignment of loadbearing walls
217(1)
Foundations
218(1)
Flexibility
218(1)
Concrete roof slab/Loadbearing wall connections
218(1)
Accidental damage
218(1)
Choice of brick, block and mortar strengths
219(1)
Crosswall construction
219(5)
Stability
219(1)
External cladding panel walls
220(1)
Design for wind
221(1)
Openings in walls
222(1)
Typical applications
222(2)
Elevational treatment of crosswall structures
224(1)
Podiums
224(1)
Spine construction
224(2)
Lateral stability
225(1)
Accidental damage
226(1)
Cellular construction
226(2)
Comparison with crosswall construction
227(1)
Envelope (cladding) area
227(1)
Robustness
227(1)
Flexibility
227(1)
Height of structure
227(1)
Masonry stresses
227(1)
Foundations
228(1)
Column structures
228(1)
Advantages
228(1)
Cross-sectional shape
228(1)
Size
229(1)
Design procedure
229(1)
Example 1: Hotel bedrooms, six floors
229(7)
Characteristic loads
229(2)
Design of internal crosswalls
231(1)
Partial safety factor for material strength (Table 4, BS 5628 -- see Table 5.11)
232(1)
Choice of brick in the two design cases, at ground floor level
232(1)
Choice of brick in the two design cases, at third flood level
232(1)
Design of gable cavity walls to resist lateral loads due to wind
232(1)
Uplift on roof
232(1)
Design of wall
232(1)
Calculation of design wall moment
233(1)
Resistance moment of wall (Figure 14.46)
233(1)
Overall stability check
233(2)
Eccentricity of loading
235(1)
Accidental damage
235(1)
Example 2: Four-storey school building
236(2)
Characteristic loads
237(1)
Design of wall at ground floor level
237(1)
Example 3: Four-storey office block
238(5)
Column structure for four-storey office block
238(1)
Characteristic loads
239(1)
Design of brick columns
239(1)
Loading on column P
239(4)
Reinforced and post-tensioned masonry
243(51)
General
244(5)
Design theory
244(1)
Comparison with concrete
244(1)
Applications
245(1)
Prestressing
246(1)
Methods of reinforcing walls
246(1)
Composite construction
247(1)
Economics
247(1)
Corrosion of reinforcement and prestressing steel
247(1)
Cover to reinforcement and prestressing steel
248(1)
Cover
248(1)
Choice of system
249(1)
Design of reinforced brickwork
250(7)
Partial factors of safety
250(1)
Strength of materials
251(1)
Design for bending: Reinforced masonry
251(1)
Lateral stability of beams
251(1)
Design formula for bending: Moments of resistance for reinforced masonry
252(3)
Design formula: Shear stress
255(1)
Shear reinforcement
255(1)
Design formula: Local bond
256(1)
Characteristic anchorage bond strength, fb
256(1)
Design for axial loading
256(1)
Example 1: Design of reinforced brick beam
257(2)
Example 2: Alternative design for reinforced brick beam
259(2)
Example 3: Reinforced brick retaining wall
261(1)
Example 4: Column design
262(1)
Design of post-tensioned brickwork
263(6)
General
263(2)
Post-tensioned masonry: Design for flexure
265(1)
Design strengths
266(1)
Steel stresses
267(1)
Asymmetrical sections
267(1)
Losses of post-tensioning force
268(1)
Bearing stresses
269(1)
Deflection
269(1)
Partial safety factor on post-tensioning force
269(1)
Example 5: High cavity wall with wind loading
269(6)
Capacity reduction factor, β
270(1)
Characteristic strengths
270(1)
Design strengths (after losses)
271(1)
Section modulus of wall
271(1)
Design method
271(1)
Calculation of required post-tensioning force
271(1)
Consider compressive stresses: After losses
272(2)
Consider compressive stresses: Before losses
274(1)
Design of post-tensioning rods
274(1)
Example 6: Post-tensioned fin wall
275(9)
Design procedure
275(1)
Design post-tensioning force and eccentricity
276(1)
Characteristic strengths
277(1)
Loadings
277(1)
Design bending moments
278(1)
Theoretical flexural tensile stresses
278(1)
Calculations of P and e
278(1)
Spread of post-tensioning force
279(1)
Characteristic post-tensioning force pk
279(1)
Capacity reduction factors, β
279(1)
Check combined compressive stresses
279(3)
Design flexural compressive strengths of wall: After losses
282(1)
Check overall stability of wall
282(2)
Design of post-tensioning Rods
284(1)
Example 7: Post-tensioned brick diaphragm retaining wall
284(10)
Design procedure
284(1)
Design loads
285(1)
Trial section
286(3)
Calculate theoretical flexural tensile stresses
289(1)
Minimum required post-tensioning force based on bending stresses
289(1)
Characteristic post-tensioning force, Pk
289(1)
Capacity reduction factors
289(1)
Check combined compressive stresses
290(1)
Check shear between leaf and cross-rib
291(2)
Design of post-tensioning rods
293(1)
Arches
294(13)
General design
294(5)
Linear arch
295(1)
Trial sections
296(1)
Mathematical analysis
297(2)
Design procedures
299(1)
Design examples
299(8)
Example 1: Footbridge arch
299(2)
Example 2: Segmental arch carrying traffic loading
301(3)
Example 3: Repeat Example 2 using a pointed arch
304(3)
Appendix 1 Materials
307(7)
A1.0 Introduction
307(1)
A1.1 Clay masonry units (clay bricks)
307(2)
A1.1.1 Sizes
307(1)
A1.1.2 Classification
307(1)
A1.1.3 Strength and durability
308(1)
A1.1.4 Testing
309(1)
A1.2 Calcium silicate units (bricks)
309(1)
A1.3 Concrete bricks
310(1)
A1.4 Stone units (stonework)
310(1)
A1.5 Concrete units (blocks and bricks)
310(1)
A1.5.1 Sizes
310(1)
A1.5.2 Classification
310(1)
A1.5.3 Density
310(1)
A1.5.4 Form
310(1)
A1.5.5 Strength
310(1)
A1.5.6 Durability
310(1)
A1.6 Mortars
311(3)
A1.6.1 Constituents
311(1)
A1.6.2 Choice of mortar
312(1)
A1.6.3 Proportioning and mixing
312(1)
A1.6.4 Testing
312(2)
Appendix 2 Components
314(3)
A2.1 Wall ties
314(1)
A2.2 Damp proof courses
314(1)
A2.3 Fixings
314(1)
A2.4 Brick bonds
315(2)
Appendix 3 Movement joints
317(7)
A3.1 Movement due to thermal expansion and contraction
318(1)
A3.2 Movement due to moisture
318(2)
A3.2.1 Fired clay units
318(1)
A3.2.2 Concrete and calcium silicate units
319(1)
A3.3 Movement due to chemical interaction of materials (sulphate attack)
320(1)
A3.4 Differential movement with dissimilar materials and members
320(1)
A3.5 Foundation settlement
321(1)
A3.6 Movement of joints and accommodation of movement
322(1)
A3.7 Jointing materials and typical details
323(1)
A3.8 Mortars in assisting movement control
323(1)
Appendix 4 Provision for services
324(3)
Index 327

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