Twentieth-century Space And Astronomy: A History of Notable Research And Discovery

by
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2007-05-04
Publisher(s): Facts on File
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Summary

Space and Astronomy is a captivating account of astronomers' unraveling of the mysteries surrounding the impact and power of the Sun, how stars "collapse" into black holes, and the surprising scope of the universe. The 20th century was a period of remarkable discovery and exploration in space and astronomy, but the practical and spiritual connections of humankind with the stars have motivated and inspired improvements in observations and technology that have led to a deeper interest in exploring what lies beyond our galaxy.

Table of Contents

Prefacep. xi
Acknowledgmentsp. xv
Introductionp. xvii
1901-1910: Development of a New Astronomyp. 1
Milestonesp. 2
The Canals of Marsp. 3
The Equation for Spacep. 9
The Rocket Equationp. 10
A New Astronomyp. 11
Impacts and Omensp. 15
Scientist of the Decade: Percival Lowell (1855-1916)p. 16
Further Readingp. 18
1911-1920: Giant Stars and General Relativityp. 20
Milestonesp. 20
The Size of Starsp. 23
The Structure of Starsp. 28
Changing View of the Universep. 31
Cosmologyp. 35
Scientist of the Decade: Henry Norris Russell (1877-1957)p. 38
Further Readingp. 41
1921-1930: The Expanding Universep. 43
Milestonesp. 44
Nebulae Become Galaxiesp. 44
The Hydrogen Questionp. 51
The Matter of Starsp. 54
Planet Xp. 56
Rockets around the Worldp. 58
Tsiolkovsky's Plan of Space Explorationp. 60
Scientist of the Decade: Edwin Powell Hubble (1889-1953)p. 64
Further Readingp. 66
1931-1940: Understanding What Makes Stars Shine and Rockets Flyp. 68
Milestonesp. 68
New "Eyes" on the Universep. 70
From Giants to Black Holesp. 73
How Stars Shinep. 74
The Development of Modern Rocketsp. 78
Flash Gordon and War of the Worldsp. 78
Scientist of the Decade: Robert Hutchings Goddard (1882-1945)p. 84
Further Readingp. 87
1941-1950: From War to Spacep. 89
Milestonesp. 90
The Pathway to Space Begins with Weaponsp. 90
Postwar Rocket Developmentp. 96
Postwar Russian Rocket Developmentp. 97
The First Science Rocketsp. 99
Wartime Astronomyp. 100
Synthesis of the Elementsp. 102
Astronomical Peace Dividendp. 105
Scientist of the Decade: Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (1912-1977)p. 106
Radio and Solar System Discoveriesp. 108
Further Readingp. 109
1951-1960: The Dawn of the Space Agep. 111
Milestonesp. 112
The Mystery of Radio Starsp. 112
The Elements of Lifep. 116
Origin of the Solar Systemp. 118
Preparation for Manned Space Programsp. 120
New Improved Rocketsp. 121
Satellites for Politics and Sciencep. 123
Flying to the Moonp. 128
Project Mercuryp. 129
Scientist of the Decade: Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (1907-1966)p. 132
Mercury Factsp. 134
Further Readingp. 134
1961-1970: Putting Humans on the Moonp. 136
Milestonesp. 136
The First People in Spacep. 139
A Rendezvous with the Moonp. 142
Voskhod and Geminip. 146
Probes and Satellitesp. 148
Tragedy in 1967p. 150
Resumption of the Racep. 152
The Race Is Wonp. 153
The Waning Moonp. 155
X-ray and Neutrino Astronomyp. 157
Quasars and Pulsarsp. 158
Abundant Support for the Big Bang Theoryp. 161
Scientist of the Decade: Robert Rowe Gilruth (1913-2000)p. 162
Further Readingp. 164
1971-1980: From the Moon to Jupiterp. 167
Milestonesp. 168
Roving around the Moonp. 168
The First Space Stationsp. 171
From Apollo-Soyuz to Shuttlesp. 174
Long-Duration Spaceflightp. 175
Deserted Marsp. 178
Picturing Venusp. 180
Exploring the Giantsp. 181
Observing Spacep. 184
Scientist of the Decade: Carl Edward Sagan (1934-1996)p. 186
Further Readingp. 188
1981-1990: Laboratories in Spacep. 190
Space Transportation Systemp. 191
Milestonesp. 192
Shuttle Flight Numbering Systemp. 197
Challenger's Last Flightp. 197
Return to Flightp. 199
Russian Space-From Salyut to Mirp. 200
The Moon, Venus, Mars, and Cometsp. 203
Voyage to Uranus and Neptunep. 205
State of the Universep. 207
Scientist of the Decade: Vera Cooper Rubin (1928- )p. 210
Further Readingp. 213
1991-2000: Space Telescopes and Stationsp. 215
Milestonesp. 216
Research and Recordsp. 216
New Life in Moon/Mars Researchp. 221
Lunar Burial of Eugene Shoemakerp. 221
No Little Green Menp. 222
Asteroids, Comets, and Extrasolar Planetsp. 224
Space Observatoriesp. 228
International Spacep. 231
Scientist of the Decade: Geoffrey Marcy (1954- )p. 236
Further Readingp. 239
Conclusionp. 241
New Worldsp. 245
Further Readingp. 248
Bruce Medalistsp. 249
Glossaryp. 262
Further Resourcesp. 265
Indexp. 267
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Excerpts

For thousands of years, humans have scanned the sky and charted the movement of celestial bodies. The daily and seasonal patterns of the Sun, Moon, and stars guided sailors home, dictated the timing of planting and harvesting, and became an inspiration for festivals, celebrations, and holidays. The appearance of novae, comets, and storms of shooting stars lighting up the predawn hours were interpreted as lucky signs, dire omens, or special messages from the gods. These practical and spiritual connections of astronomy with human activity motivated and inspired improvements in observations and technology, which led to a deeper interest in exploring what lies beyond the outskirts of this galaxy and the next.
Space and Astronomy: Decade by Decade reveals how the astronomers unravel the mysteries of how the Sun shines, how stars collapse into black holes, and how the universe expands. It is the story of dreamers who designed rockets to bring back knowledge of other worlds and other galaxies. This volume of the Twentieth-Century Science set describes the progress of astronomy and the development of spaceflight from 1901 to 2000.

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