Wastewater Treatment Plant Design,9781572781771

Wastewater Treatment Plant Design

by
ISBN13: 9781572781771
ISBN10: 1572781777
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2003-06-01
Publisher(s): Water Environment Federation
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Table of Contents

Preface xxvii
About the Editor xxix
Acknowledgments xxx
Fundamentals
1(1)
Introduction
1(5)
Water Quality
6(8)
Measures of Water Quality
6(1)
Dissolved Oxygen
7(1)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
7(2)
Solids
9(1)
Nitrogen
10(1)
Phosphorus
11(1)
Bacteriological Measurements
11(2)
Water Quality Standards
13(1)
Options for Municipal Wastewater Treatment
14(2)
Materials Balances
16(3)
Engineering Economics
19(4)
Calculating Annual Cost
20(2)
Calculating Present Worth
22(1)
Calculating Sinking Funds
22(1)
Calculating Capital Plus O&M Costs
23(1)
Value Engineering
23(1)
Conclusions
24(1)
References
24(1)
Symbols Used in this Chapter
25
The Design Process
1(1)
Introduction
1(1)
Project Participants
2(1)
Project Sequence and Design Standards
3(1)
Sources, Quantities, and Characteristics of Municipal Wastewater
4(8)
Population and Flow Projections
4(1)
Infiltration and Inflow
5(1)
Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Wastewater Contributions
6(1)
Other Wastewater Contributions
6(1)
Community Water Supply
7(1)
Domestic Wastewater
8(1)
Industrial Wastewater
9(1)
Wastewater Variability
9(2)
Determining Design Flows
11(1)
Occupational Safety
12(2)
Occupational Safety and Health Act and Federal Regulations
12(1)
State and Local Codes
13(1)
National Fire Protection Association Recommendations
13(1)
Americans with Disabilities Act
13(1)
Designing Safe Facilities
13(1)
Site Selection
14(6)
Land Use
14(1)
Receiving Water Location and Requirements
15(1)
Area Requirements
16(1)
Satellite Facilities
17(1)
Elevation and Topography
17(1)
Geology, Hydrogeology, and Soils
18(1)
Transportation and Site Access
18(1)
Utility Services
19(1)
Noise Control
19(1)
Air Quality Control
19(1)
Other Environmental Considerations
19(1)
Permit Requirements
19(1)
Process Options and Selection
20(1)
Plant Layout
21(7)
Treatment Facilities
21(2)
Providing for Future Expansion
23(1)
Tank Geometry
23(1)
Treatment Redundancy
23(1)
Hydraulics
24(1)
Flexibility of Operation
24(1)
Continuing Treatment During Construction
24(1)
Maintenance
25(1)
Administration, Staff, and Support Facilities
25(1)
Monitoring and Control Facilities
26(1)
Maintenance and Storage
26(1)
Laboratories
27(1)
Administrative Offices
27(1)
Staff Facilities
27(1)
Other Layout Considerations
27(1)
Environmental Impact
28(2)
Conclusions
30(1)
References
30(1)
Symbols Used in this Chapter
31
Plant Hydraulics
1(1)
Introduction
1(1)
Hydraulic Considerations
1(6)
Hydraulic Profile
1(1)
Flowrates
2(2)
Unit Process Liquid Levels
4(1)
Unit Process Redundancy
4(1)
Flow Distribution
4(1)
Plant Head Loss
5(1)
Minimum and Maximum Velocity
5(2)
Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering
7(9)
Hydraulic Head
7(1)
Pipe Flow
7(4)
Open-Channel Flow
11(1)
Weir Control
12(2)
Effluent Launders
14(1)
Flow Distribution (Channels and Pipe Headers)
14(2)
Unit Process Hydraulics and Other Hydraulic Elements
16(3)
Screens
17(1)
Grit Tanks
17(1)
Primary Settling Tanks
17(1)
Aeration Tanks
18(1)
Secondary Settling Tanks
18(1)
Disinfection Tanks
18(1)
Other Unit Processes
19(1)
Yard Piping
19(1)
Outfalls
19(1)
Pumps and Pumping
19(6)
Pump Characteristics
19(2)
System Head Curves
21(2)
Pump Selection
23(2)
Conclusions
25(1)
References
26(1)
Symbols Used in this Chapter
26
Preliminary Treatment
1(1)
Introduction
1(1)
Screening
1(13)
Purpose of Screening
1(1)
Bar Screens
2(1)
Manually Cleaned Bar Screens
3(1)
Mechanically Cleaned Screens
3(2)
Chain- or Cable-Driven Screens
5(1)
Reciprocating Rake Screen
5(1)
Catenary Screens
6(1)
Continuous Self-Cleaning Screens
7(1)
Comminutors and Grinders
8(1)
Comminutors
8(1)
Grinders
9(1)
Screening Quantities and Characteristics
10(1)
Design Practice
11(2)
Management of Screenings
13(1)
Grit Removal
14(7)
Purpose of Grit Removal
14(1)
Methods of Grit Removal
15(1)
Aerated Grit Chambers
15(2)
Vortex Grit Removal
17(1)
Detritus Tanks
17(1)
Horizontal-Flow Grit Chambers
17(1)
Hydrocyclones
17(1)
Grit Quantities and Characteristics
18(1)
Design Practice
18(1)
Removing Grit from the Chambers
19(1)
Inclined Screw or Tubular Conveyors
19(1)
Chain-and-Bucket Elevators
20(1)
Clamshell Buckets
20(1)
Pumping
20(1)
Grit Washing
20(1)
Grit Disposal
20(1)
Septage
21(1)
Flow Equalization
21(3)
Conclusion
24(1)
References
25(1)
Symbols Used in this Chapter
25
Primary Treatment
1(1)
Introduction
1(1)
Primary Settling
2(11)
Settling Theory
2(3)
Types of Settling Tanks
5(1)
Design Considerations
6(1)
Depth
7(1)
Hydraulic Residence Time
8(1)
Weir Rate
8(1)
Flow-Through Velocity
9(1)
Surface Geometry
10(1)
Inlets
10(2)
Outlet Conditions
12(2)
Maintenance Provisions
14
Enhanced Settling
13(3)
Preaeration
14(1)
Chemical Coagulation
15(1)
Sludge Collection and Removal
16(3)
Sludge Collection
16(1)
Primary-Sludge Quantities and Properties
17(2)
Scum Collection and Disposal
19(1)
Scum Collection
19(1)
Scum Management
19(1)
Thickening with Waste Activated Sludge
20(1)
Imhoff Tanks
20(1)
Fine Screens
21(2)
Conclusions
23(2)
References
25(1)
Symbols Used in this Chapter
25
Suspended-Growth Biological Treatment
1(1)
Introduction
1(1)
The Activated-Sludge Process
1(17)
Process Description
1(2)
Effect of Influent Load and Characteristics
3(1)
Historical Perspective
3(1)
The Activated-Sludge Environment
4(1)
Biological Growth and Substrate Oxidation
5(1)
Process Design for Carbon Oxidation
6(4)
Volume of Aeration Tanks
10(2)
Sludge Generated and Wasted
12(1)
Oxygen Demand
13(1)
Return Activated-Sludge Capacity Requirements
13(1)
Clarifier Sizing
13(1)
Process Design for Nitrification
13(2)
Other Environmental Effects
15(1)
Temperature
15(1)
Dissolved Oxygen
16(1)
Nutrients
16(1)
Toxic and Inhibitory Wastes
17(1)
pH
17(1)
Process Configuration Alternatives
18(9)
Tank Shape
18(1)
Complete Mix
18(1)
Plug Flow
19(1)
Oxidation Ditch
20(1)
Aerated Lagoon Reactors
21(1)
Loading Rates
21(1)
Conventional
21(1)
Low Rate
22(1)
High Rate
23(1)
Feeding and Aeration Patterns
23(1)
Conventional
23(1)
Contact Stabilization
23(1)
Step Feed
24(1)
Tapered Aeration
24(1)
Other Variations
25(1)
Pure Oxygen
25(1)
Sequencing Batch Reactors
26(1)
Activated Carbon Addition
27(1)
Hybrid Systems
27(1)
Oxygen Transfer
27(6)
Diffused Aeration
28(1)
Porous Diffuser Systems
28(1)
Nonporous Diffusers
29(2)
Other Diffused Aeration Systems
31(1)
Mechanical Surface Aeration
32(1)
Secondary Settling
33(8)
General Design Considerations
33(1)
Process Design
34(1)
Solids Loading Rate
34(1)
Overflow Rate
35(1)
Depth
35(1)
Influent Structure
36(1)
Scum Removal
36(1)
Outlet Structure
36(2)
Sludge Withdrawal
38(1)
Control Strategies
39(1)
Return Activated Sludge Flowrates
39(1)
Return Activated Sludge Flow Patterns
39(1)
Waste Activated Sludge Rate Control
40(1)
Type of Pumps and Systems
41(1)
Conclusions
41(1)
References
42(1)
Symbols Used in this Chapter
43
Attached-Growth Biological Treatment
1(1)
Introduction
1(1)
Trickling Filters
2(11)
Theory of Operation
3(1)
Loading Terminology
4(1)
Factors Affecting Performance and Design
5(1)
Wastewater Composition
5(1)
Wastewater Treatability
5(1)
Pretreatment and Primary Treatment
5(1)
Trickling Filter Media Type
5(1)
Trickling Filter Depth
6(1)
Trickling Filter Hydraulics and Loadings
7(1)
Ventilation
8(1)
Odor, Vector, and Macroorganism Control
9(1)
Design Formulas
9(1)
National Research Council Formula
10(1)
Velz Formula
10(1)
Kinematic Wave---Velz Model
11(1)
Kincannon and Stover Model
12(1)
Logan Model
13(1)
Nitrification
13(1)
Rotating Biological Contactors
13(5)
Process Concepts and Principles
15(1)
Factors Affecting Performance
15(1)
Organic and Hydraulic Loading
15(1)
Influent Wastewater Characteristics
16(1)
Wastewater Temperature
16(1)
Biofilm Control
16(1)
Dissolved Oxygen Levels
16(1)
Process Design
16(2)
Demtrification
18(1)
Combined Biological Treatment
18(1)
Trackling Filter-Solids Contact
18(1)
Roughing Filter-Activated Sludge
18(1)
Biofilter--Activated Sludge
19(1)
Trickling Filter-Activated Sludge
19(1)
Developing Fixed-Film Processes
19(1)
Subsided Fixed-Bed Reactors
19(1)
Floating Bed Aerated Filters
19(1)
Secondary Clarification
20(1)
Conclusions
20(1)
References
20(2)
Symbols Used in this Chapter
22
Biological Nutrient Removal
1(1)
Introduction
1(1)
Phosphorus Removal Processes
2(5)
Basic Theory
2(3)
Design Options
5(1)
Two-Stage Process
5(1)
Combined Chemical and Biological Process
5(1)
Sidestream Fermentation Processes
6(1)
Sequencing Batch Reactors
7(1)
Chemical Polishing
7(1)
Nitrogen Removal Processes
7(11)
Basic Theory
7(5)
Suspended-Growth Processes for Nitrogen Removal
12(1)
Single-Sludge Processes
12(3)
Dual-Sludge Processes
15(2)
Attached Growth Processes for Nitrogen Removal
17(1)
Denitrification Filters
17(1)
Fluidized Bed Denitrification
17(1)
Simultaneous Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal
18(3)
Modified Bardenpho
18(1)
A2/O Process
18(1)
University of Cape Town Process
18(1)
PhoStrip II Process
19(1)
Fixed-Growth Reactor-Suspended-Growth Reactor
19(2)
Phased Isolation Ditches
21(1)
Design Considerations
21(4)
Design Procedures for Phosphorus Removal
21(1)
Design Procedures for Nitrogen Removal
22(3)
Conclusions
25(1)
References
25(2)
Symbols Used in this Chapter
27
Alternative Biological Treatment
1(1)
Introduction
1(1)
Soil Absorption Systems
1(1)
Lagoon Systems
2(5)
Facultative Lagoons
3(1)
Treatment Performance
3(1)
Design Procedures
3(1)
Controlled Discharge Lagoons
4(1)
Hydrograph Controlled Release Lagoons
5(1)
Partially Mixed Aerated Lagoons
5(2)
Dual-Power Multicellular Aerated Lagoons
7(1)
Advance Integrated Lagoon Systems
7(1)
Land Treatment Systems
7(10)
Preapplication Treatment
9(1)
Site Requirements
9(1)
Slow-Rate Systems
10(1)
Treatment Performance
10(1)
Design Objectives
11(2)
Overland Flow Systems
13(1)
Treatment Performance
13(1)
Design Factors
14(1)
Design Procedures
14(1)
Suspended Solids Loadings
14(1)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand Loadings
14(1)
Land Requirements
15(1)
Vegetation Selection
15(1)
Distribution System
15(1)
Monitoring Wells
15(1)
Rapid Infiltration Systems
15(1)
Treatment Performance
15(1)
Design Procedures
16(1)
Floating Aquatic Systems
17(1)
Constructed Wetlands
17(2)
Performance of Constructed Wetlands
18(1)
Land Requirements
19(1)
Conclusions
19(1)
References
20(1)
Symbols Used in this Chapter
21
Physical--Chemical Processes
1(1)
Introduction
1(1)
Process Selection
2(1)
Granular Media Filtration
2(5)
Process Description
2(1)
Design Objectives
2(1)
Filtration Theory
3(1)
Application of Granular Media Filtration to Wastewater Treatment
3(2)
Process Design
5(1)
Pretreatment to Enhance Filterability
5(1)
Filter Type and Loading Rates
5(1)
Media Selection and Characteristics
6(1)
Automatic Backwashing Filters
7(3)
Moving Bed Filters
7(1)
Pulsed Bed Filters
8(1)
Operation
8(2)
Activated Carbon Adsorption
10(7)
Process Description
10(1)
Application of Activated Carbon to Wastewater Treatment
11(1)
Design
11(1)
Carbon Characteristics
12(1)
Types of Carbon Adsorption Units
13(1)
Unit Sizing
14(1)
Backwashing
15(1)
Control of Biological Activity
16(1)
Carbon Transport
16(1)
Carbon Regeneration
16(1)
Chemical Treatment
17(11)
Phosphorus Precipitation
17(1)
Phosphorus Removal Methods
18(1)
Precipitants
18(3)
Solids Considerations
21(1)
pH Adjustment
22(1)
Rapid Mixing
23(1)
Impeller Mixers
23(1)
Other Mixing Devices
23(1)
Fluid Regimes
23(1)
Design Considerations
24(2)
Chemical Feed Systems
26(1)
Solution Feed
27(1)
Membrane Processes
28(4)
Process Description
28(1)
Process Objectives
29(1)
Pretreatment
29(1)
Membrane Systems
29(2)
Membrane Module Configuration
31(1)
Membrane Filtration
31(1)
Reverse Osmosis
31(1)
Reject and Brine Disposal
31(1)
Disposal to Surface Water
32(1)
Deep-Well Injection
32(1)
Evaporation Ponds
32(1)
Evaporation to Dryness and Crystallization
32(1)
Conclusions
32(1)
References
33(1)
Symbols Used in this Chapter
33
Disinfection, Reoxygenation, and Odor Control
1(1)
Disinfection
1(1)
Disinfection Kinetics
2(3)
Chlorine Disinfection
5(7)
Chemistry of Chlorine Disinfection
5(1)
Elemental Chlorine
5(1)
Hypochlorites
5(1)
Sulfur Dioxide
6(1)
Chemistry of Chlorine in Water
6(1)
Chlorine Toxicity and Effects on Higher Organisms
7(1)
Aftergrowth
7(1)
Dechlorination
8(1)
Safety and Health
8(1)
Shipment and Handling
8(1)
Facility Design
8(2)
Design and Selection of Equipment
10(1)
Chlorinators and Sulfonators
10(1)
Chemical-Feed Pumps
10(1)
Sulfur Dioxide Feeders
11(1)
Feed Control Strategies
11(1)
Reactor Design
11(1)
Ultraviolet Disinfection
12(5)
Mechanism of Ultraviolet Disinfection
13(2)
Ultraviolet Inactivation Kinetics
15(1)
Ultraviolet Disinfection System Design
16(1)
Wastewater Characteristics
16(1)
Ultraviolet Disinfection Equipment
17(1)
Effluent Reoxygenation
17(2)
Cascade Reoxygenation
17(2)
Mechanical and Diffused Air Reoxygenation
19(1)
Relationship of Reoxygenation to Other Unit Processes
19(1)
Odor Control
19(4)
Sources of Odor
20(2)
Odor Control
22(1)
Upstream Controls
22(1)
Chemical Additions
22(1)
Adsorption Systems
22(1)
Biological Systems
22(1)
Combustion Systems
23(1)
Ozonation
23(1)
Wet Scrubbers
23(1)
Conclusions
23(1)
References
24(1)
Symbols Used in this Chapter
24
Production and Transport of Wastewater Sludge
1(1)
Introduction
1(1)
Sludge Quantities
2(9)
Estimating Sludge Quantities
3(1)
Primary Solids Production
3(2)
Secondary Solids Production
5(4)
Combined Solids Production
9(2)
Chemical Solids Production
11(1)
Sludge Characteristics
11(2)
Primary Sludge
11(1)
Secondary Sludge
12(1)
Combined Sludge
13(1)
Chemical Sludge
13(1)
Liquid Sludge Storage
13(1)
Liquid Sludge Transport
13(11)
Flow and Head Loss Characteristics
14(1)
Design Approach
14(1)
Dilute Sludges
14(1)
Thickened Sludges
14(2)
Kinetic Pumps
16(1)
Solids-Handling Centrifugal Pumps
17(1)
Recessed-Impeller Pumps
17(1)
Screw--Combination Centrifugal Pumps
17(1)
Grinder Pumps
17(1)
Positive Displacement Pumps
18(1)
Plunger Pumps
18(1)
Progressing Cavity Pumps
19(1)
Air-Operated Diaphragm Pumps
20(1)
Rotary Lobe Pumps
21(1)
Pneumatic Ejectors
21(1)
Peristaltic Hose Pumps
21(1)
Reciprocating Piston Pumps
21(1)
Other Pumps
21(1)
Air-Lift Pumps
21(1)
Archimedes Screw Pumps
22(1)
Long-Distance Pipelines
23(1)
Common Design Deficiencies in Pumps and Piping
23(1)
Standby Capacity
24(1)
Dewatered Sludge Storage
24(1)
Dewatered Sludge Transport
24(3)
Pumps
24(1)
Progressing Cavity Pumps
25(1)
Hydraulically Driven Reciprocating Piston Pumps
25(1)
Conveyors
26(1)
Belt Conveyors
26(1)
Screw Conveyors
27(1)
Dried Sludge Transport
27(3)
Belt Conveyors
27(1)
Screw Conveyors
28(1)
Drag Conveyors
28(1)
Bucket Elevators
29(1)
Pneumatic Conveyors
29(1)
Conclusions
30(1)
References
30(1)
Symbols Used in this Chapter
31
Sludge Conditioning
1(1)
Introduction
1(1)
Chemical Conditioning
2(9)
Inorganic Chemicals
2(1)
Lime
2(1)
Ferric Chloride
3(1)
Aluminum Salts
3(1)
Organic Polymers
3(1)
Polymer Charge
4(1)
Polymer Molecular Weight
4(1)
Polymer Forms
5(1)
Dosage Optimization
6(2)
Jar Test
8(1)
Capillary Suction Time Test
8(1)
Standard Shear Test
9(1)
Buchner Funnel Test
9(1)
Sludge Compactability
10(1)
Sludge Consistency
10(1)
Thermal Conditioning
11(1)
Freeze-Thaw Conditioning
11(2)
Conclusions
13(1)
References
13(1)
Symbols Used in this Chapter
14
Sludge Thickening, Dewatering, and Drying
1(1)
Introduction
1(1)
Gravity Thickening
2(7)
Theory of Gravity Thickening
3(4)
Design of Gravity Thickeners
7(1)
Area Determination for Solids Thickening
7(1)
Other Design Considerations
8(1)
Dissolved Air Flotation Thickening
9(3)
Theory of Dissolved Air Flotation
11(1)
Design of Dissolved Air Flotation Thickeners
11(1)
Gravity Belt Thickening
12(3)
Theory of Gravity Belt Thickening
13(2)
Design of Gravity Belt Thickeners
15(1)
Other Methods of Thickening
15(2)
Rotary Drum Thickening
15(1)
Centrifuges
16(1)
Centrifugal Dewatering
17(6)
Theory of Centrifugation
18(3)
Design of Centrifugal Dewatering
21(2)
Belt Filter Dewatering
23(2)
Theory Of Belt Filter Dewatering
23(1)
Design Of Belt Filter Dewatering
23(2)
Filter Press Dewatering
25(2)
Theory Of Filter Press Dewatering
25(2)
Design Of Filter Press Dewatering
27(1)
Drying Bed Dewatering
27(3)
Sand Drying Beds
27(3)
Other Types Of Drying Beds
30(1)
Paved Drying Beds
30(1)
Wedge-Wire Drying Beds
30(1)
Vacuum-Assisted Drying Beds
30(1)
Other Dewatering Methods
30(2)
Reed Beds
30(1)
Lagoons
31(1)
Vacuum Filters
32(1)
Thermal Drying
32(4)
Theory of Thermal Drying
33(2)
Design of Thermal Drying Systems
35(1)
Direct Dryers
35(1)
Indirect Dryers
35(1)
Direct-Indirect Dryers
36(1)
Infrared Dryers
36(1)
Conclusions
36(2)
References
38(1)
Symbols Used in this Chapter
39
Sludge Stabilization
1(1)
Introduction
1(1)
Anaerobic Digestion
2(22)
Anaerobic Digestion Theory
2(1)
Microbiology and Biochemistry
2(1)
Variables Affecting Anaerobic Digestion
3(1)
Solids and Hydraulic Retention Times
4(1)
Temperature
4(1)
pH
4(1)
Toxic Materials
5(1)
Applicability
5(2)
Process Variations
7(1)
Low-Rate Digestion
7(1)
High-Rate Digestion
8(1)
Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion
9(1)
Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion
9(1)
Design Criteria
10(1)
Volatile Solids
10(1)
Pathogen Reduction
10(1)
Gas Quality and Quantity
11(1)
Anaerobic Digester Design
11(1)
Design Data
11(1)
Design Parameters
12(1)
Volatile Solids Loading and Destruction
13(1)
Gas Production
13(1)
Gas Collection and Storage
14(1)
Mixing
15(1)
Heating
16(2)
Chemical Requirements
18(1)
Digester Covers
19(1)
Tank Configuration and Construction
20(2)
Effect of Digestion on Dewatering and Dewatering Recycle Streams
22(2)
Aerobic Digestion
24(5)
Aerobic Digestion Theory
25(1)
Aerobic Digestion Design
26(1)
Reduction in Volatile Solids
26(1)
Feed Quantities and Characteristics
27(1)
Operating Temperature
27(1)
Oxygen-Transfer and Mixing Requirements
27(1)
Tank Volume and Retention Time Requirements
27(2)
Process Variations
29(1)
High-Purity Oxygen Aeration
29(1)
Low-Temperature Aerobic Digestion
29(1)
Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion
29(4)
Theory of Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion
30(1)
Design of Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion
30(2)
Operation of Autothermal Digestion Plants
32(1)
Composting
33(5)
Theory of Composting
34(1)
Microbiology
34(1)
Energy Balance
34(1)
Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio
35(1)
Process Objectives
35(1)
Pathogen Reduction
35(1)
Maturation
35(1)
Drying
36(1)
Design of Composting Systems
36(1)
Process Alternatives
36(1)
Bulking Agents and Amendments
36(2)
Temperature Control and Aeration
38(1)
Retention Time
38(1)
Alkaline Stabilization
38(3)
Theory of Alkaline Stabilization
39(1)
Design of Alkaline Stabilization Systems
40(1)
Liquid Lime Stabilization
40(1)
Dry Lime Stabilization
41(1)
Sludge Combustion
41(6)
Sludge Heat Values
41(1)
Process Alternatives
42(1)
Multiple-Hearth Furnace
43(1)
Fluidized-Bed Furnace
44(2)
Design of Sludge Combustion Systems
46(1)
Emissions Control
46(1)
Pollution Control Technology
46(1)
Conclusions
47(1)
References
47(1)
Symbols Used in this Chapter
48
Beneficial Use and Ultimate Disposal
1(1)
Introduction
1(1)
The 40 CFR Part 503 Regulations
2(11)
Land Application
2(2)
Pollutant Limits
4(1)
Pathogen and Vector-Attraction Reduction
4(1)
Management Practices
4(1)
Distribution and Marketing
5(1)
Composting
6(1)
Heat Drying
6(1)
Lime Stabilization
6(1)
Surface Disposal
6(1)
Pathogen and Vector-Attraction Reduction
7(1)
Class A Pathogen Requirements
8(1)
Class B Pathogen Requirements
9(1)
Pathogen Treatment Processes
10(1)
Vector-Attraction Reduction Requirements
11(1)
Combustion (Incineration)
12(1)
Pollutant Limits
12(1)
Design of Land Application Operations
13(2)
Application Rates
14(1)
Methods of Application
14(1)
Odor Control
15(1)
Design of Landfilling Operations
15(1)
Design of Dedicated Land Disposal Operations
16(2)
Application Rates
17(1)
Methods of Application
17(1)
Conclusions
18(1)
References
18(1)
Symbols Used in this Chapter
19
Index 1

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