The World Trade Organization Law, Practice and Policy,9780198764724

The World Trade Organization Law, Practice and Policy

by ; ;
ISBN13: 9780198764724
ISBN10: 0198764723
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2003-05-22
Publisher(s): Oxford University Press
Availability: This title is currently not available.
Upgraded Edition: Click here!
  • Free Shipping Icon

    This Item Qualifies for Free Shipping!*

    *Excludes marketplace orders.

List Price: $296.79

Rent Textbook

Select for Price
Add to Cart
There was a problem. Please try again later.

New Textbook

We're Sorry
Sold Out

Used Textbook

We're Sorry
Sold Out

eTextbook

We're Sorry
Not Available

Summary

This book, written by an outstanding team of WTO law specialists, provides a comprehensive overview of the law and practice of the WTO. The authors explain the origins and development, via the GATT, of all of the substantive legal areas covered by the WTO as well as the sources of law and remedies of the Dispute Settlement system.

Author Biography


Mitsuo Matsushita is Professor Emeritus or Tokyo University and Former Member of the WTO Appellate Body. Thomas J. Schoenbaum is Rusk Professor of International Law at the University of Georgia. Petros C. Mavroidis is Professor of Law at the University of Neuchatel.

Table of Contents

Table of WTO and GATT Agreements, Treaties, and other International Instruments
xxvii
Tables of National Laws and Regulations
lvii
Tables of WTO and GATT Decisions
lxv
Tables of Court and Administrative Decisions
lxxxix
Overview ci
The World Trade Organization
1(16)
Bretton Woods and the failure of the International Trade Organization
1(1)
The GATT becomes an international organization
2(1)
A summary of GATT obligations
3(2)
The GATT tariff negotiating rounds
5(1)
The creation of the WTO
6(3)
The WTO: functions and structure
9(5)
Membership, accession, and withdrawal
11(1)
Decision-making
12(1)
General-decision making
12(1)
Interpretations
12(1)
Waivers
13(1)
Amendments
13(1)
The WTO as an international organization
14(1)
Suggestions for improving the WTO
14(3)
Dispute Settlement
17(36)
Introduction
18(1)
Dispute settlement in the GATT
19(2)
WTO dispute settlement
21(23)
General considerations
22(1)
Institutions
22(1)
Scope of application
23(2)
The legal effect of panel and Appellate Body reports
25(1)
Dispute resolution procedures
25(1)
Objectives
25(1)
Initiation: request for consultations
26(1)
Standing to bring claims
26(1)
Good offices, conciliation, and mediation
27(1)
Arbitration
28(1)
The panel process
28(1)
The appeal process
29(1)
Implementation
30(1)
Reasonable period for implementation
30(1)
Compliance and the ``sequencing'' problem
30(2)
Compensation for failure to comply and retaliation
32(1)
Special dispute resolution procedures
33(1)
Non-violation complaints
34(1)
Situation complaints
35(1)
Adverse inference
35(1)
Amicus curiae
36(2)
Burden of proof
38(1)
Judicial economy
39(1)
Standard of review
40(3)
Critique of the DSU
43(1)
Trade retaliation under national laws
44(9)
The European Union
45(1)
Japan
46(1)
The United States
46(4)
Critique of trade retaliation under national laws
50(3)
Sources of Law
53(24)
Introduction
53(2)
Sources of law
55(19)
Covered agreements
55(1)
Reports of prior panels and the Appellate Body
56(1)
Adopted and unadopted panel reports
56(8)
Custom
64(1)
Teachings of the most highly qualified publicists
65(1)
General principles of law
66(1)
Other International Instruments
67(1)
Agreements referred to in the WTO agreements
67(2)
Agreements between the parties
69(5)
Conflicts of norms
74(1)
Conclusions
75(2)
Remedies
77(20)
The pre-WTO phase
77(2)
The usual GATT remedy
78(1)
An alternative remedy: reimbursement and restitution
78(1)
Remedies under the Dispute Settlement Understanding
79(15)
Violation complaints
80(1)
Recommendations and suggestions
80(2)
Prospective and retrospective remedies
82(2)
Non-violation and situation complaints
84(2)
Compensation for failure to comply and retaliation
86(1)
Overview
86(1)
Measuring countermeasures
87(1)
Measuring countermeasures: WTO practice
88(2)
The function of countermeasures
90(1)
The burden of proof
90(1)
The standard of review
91(1)
Countermeasures: how effective?
92(2)
The case for re-negotiating remedies
94(3)
WTO Law and Domestic Law
97(14)
Introduction
97(2)
The United States
99(4)
Overview of U.S. law
99(1)
The relationship between WTO law and U.S. law
100(3)
The European Community
103(4)
External relations and the EU/EC
103(2)
The relationship between WTO law and the laws of the EC and its Member States
105(2)
Japan
107(4)
Overview of Japanese law
107(4)
Tariffs, Quotas, and Other Barriers to Market Access
111(32)
Introduction
112(1)
Tariffs and customs rules
113(10)
The nature of a tariff
113(1)
Welfare effects of tariffs
113(2)
Tariff modifications
115(1)
Reclassification
116(1)
Valuation
117(2)
Rules of origin
119(2)
Customs laws and procedures
121(1)
Customs fees and formalities
122(1)
Preshipment inspection (PSI)
122(1)
Quotas
123(6)
The nature of a quota
123(1)
Welfare effects of quotas
124(1)
Prohibition on quotas and other measures that restrain trade
124(2)
Exceptions to the prohibition on quotas and other measures
126(2)
Licensing
128(1)
State-trading enterprises
129(3)
Technical barriers to trade
132(1)
Sanitary and phytosanitary measures
133(2)
Sectoral market access agreements
135(8)
Agriculture
135(1)
Basic obligations
135(2)
Tariffication
137(1)
Subsidies
138(2)
The Doha Agenda
140(1)
Textiles and clothing
141(1)
Information technology
141(1)
Electronic commerce
142(1)
The Most-Favoured-Nation Principle
143(12)
What is the most-favoured-nation principle?
143(1)
Policy basis
144(2)
The MFN principle in customary international law
146(1)
MFN treatment in the WTO
146(8)
The MFN obligation under the GATT
147(2)
Types of ``advantage'' covered by the MFN obligation
149(1)
Like products
150(1)
Conditional ``advantage''
151(2)
Discrimination between firms
153(1)
Exceptions to the MFN obligations
154(1)
The National Treatment Principle
155(26)
What is the national treatment principle?
156(2)
National treatment: some key issues
158(9)
``Like'' products
158(1)
Article III:2, first sentence
159(1)
Article III:2, second sentence
159(1)
Article III:4
160(1)
The aim and effects test
161(1)
The product-process distinction
162(1)
Technical regulations and sanitary and phytosanitary measures
163(1)
Application of Article III to state-trading monopolies
164(1)
Application of Article III national treatment obligations to sub-federal units of WTO Members
165(1)
The relationship between Article III and Article XI of the GATT
166(1)
Taxes
167(4)
Scope
168(1)
Border tax adjustment
168(1)
The non-discrimination principle
169(2)
Government regulations
171(2)
De Facto discrimination
173(3)
Article XX exceptions
176(1)
Government procurement
177(4)
Safeguards
181(36)
Introduction
182(1)
The legal and policy framework for safeguards in the GATT/WTO regime
183(1)
GATT Article XIX and the Agreement on Safeguards
184(18)
GATT Article XIX
184(1)
The Safeguards Agreement
184(1)
The relationship between GATT Article XIX and the Safeguards Agreement
185(1)
Investigation
186(1)
Provisional application
187(1)
Determination of increased imports
187(1)
Unforeseen developments
187(2)
Determination of injury
189(1)
Serious injury or threat of serious injury
189(1)
Serious injury
190(1)
Threat of serious injury
190(1)
Factors to be considered when determining injury or threat thereof
191(1)
Domestic industry
192(1)
Causation
192(2)
Limits on the application of safeguard measures
194(1)
Parallelism
194(3)
Extent of safeguards
197(1)
Selectivity
198(1)
Developing countries
198(1)
GATT Article XIII
199(1)
Duration and review
199(1)
Notification and consultation
200(1)
Compensation
200(2)
The standard of review for safeguard disputes
202(1)
Safeguard measures for balance-of-payment reasons
202(6)
The GATT
202(4)
The WTO
206(2)
Safeguard measures in textile and clothing trade
208(1)
Prohibition on voluntary export restraints
209(8)
Prohibition in the Safeguards Agreement
209(2)
Tension between voluntary export restraints and competition policy
211(1)
The automobile VER case
211(3)
The steel VER case
214(1)
Analysis of the conflict between trade policy and competition policy
215(2)
Export Controls and National Security
217(10)
Introduction
217(1)
Export restraints
218(1)
Export taxes
219(1)
Security exceptions
220(4)
Extraterritorial application of export controls
224(2)
Conclusions
226(1)
Trade in Services
227(32)
Introduction
228(1)
Overview of the General Agreement on Trade in Services
229(3)
The relationship between GATT and GATS
232(2)
The WTO model for liberalization of trade in services
234(6)
When to negotiate in the context of GATS
234(1)
The concept of ``services''
235(1)
Modes of supply
236(1)
Measures ``affecting trade in services''
237(2)
When are GATS commitments binding?
239(1)
General obligations and specific commitments
239(1)
Institutional issues
239(1)
General obligations under the GATS
240(6)
The GATS ``positive list'' approach
240(1)
The MFN clause
240(2)
Transparency
242(1)
Domestic regulation and mutual recognition
243(2)
Anticompetitive practices
245(1)
Subsidies
245(1)
Safeguards
245(1)
Developing countries
246(1)
Exceptions
246(1)
Specific commitments
246(6)
The limits of general obligations
246(1)
Market access (Article XVI)
247(1)
The national treatment obligation (Article XVII)
247(3)
The relationship between Article XVI and Article XVII
250(1)
Additional commitments
251(1)
Modification of schedules
251(1)
Financial services, telecommunications, and maritime transport
252(6)
What is so special about these agreements?
252(1)
The Agreement on Financial Services
252(2)
The Agreement on Telecommunications
254(3)
The Agreement on Maritime Transport
257(1)
Conclusions
258(1)
Subsidies and Countervailing Duties
259(42)
Introduction
260(3)
The legal framework
263(3)
Articles XVI and VI of GATT 1994
263(1)
The SCM Agreement
264(1)
The SCM Agreement and agricultural subsidies
265(1)
Institutions and notifications
265(1)
Developing countries
266(1)
The regulation of subsidies
266(20)
Definition of subsidy
266(3)
The financial contribution by a government must confer a benefit to the recipient
269(2)
The subsidy must be specific
271(1)
Subsidies are defined by reference to domestic law
271(1)
The classification of subsidies
272(1)
The ``traffic light'' approach
272(1)
Prohibited subsidies
272(1)
Who determines whether a subsidy is a prohibited one?
273(1)
Remedies against prohibited subsidies
274(1)
WTO jurisprudence on prohibited subsidies
274(2)
Punitive damages in the WTO?
276(1)
Retroactivity
277(1)
Actionable subsidies
278(4)
Non-actionable subsidies
282(1)
Research and development subsidies
282(1)
Regional subsidies
283(1)
Environmental subsidies
284(1)
Who determines whether a subsidy is a non-actionable one?
285(1)
Can non-actionable subsidies become actionable?
286(1)
The regulation of countervailing duties
286(12)
Overview of procedural and substantive obligations
286(1)
Investigation
287(1)
Initiating an investigation
287(1)
Evidentiary issues
288(1)
The duties of the investigating authority
289(1)
Provisional application
290(1)
Determination of subsidy
291(1)
Determination of injury
291(2)
Domestic industry
293(1)
Causation
293(1)
The imposition of definitive countervailing duties
294(1)
Duration and review
295(1)
Judicial review
295(1)
Undertakings (suspension of countervailing duty investigations)
296(1)
Retroactivity
297(1)
The standard of review for subsidies and countervailing duties disputes
297(1)
Conclusions
298(3)
Antidumping
301(40)
What is dumping?
302(5)
Dumping as sales below cost
303(1)
Dumping as international price discrimination
304(1)
Duration
305(1)
Cost analysis
305(1)
Welfare effects
306(1)
Measures to counteract dumping
306(1)
The regulation of antidumping duties
307(26)
The legal framework of antidumping in the GATT/WTO regime
307(1)
GATT Article VI
308(1)
The Antidumping Agreement
308(1)
Institutions and notifications
309(1)
Developing countries
309(1)
Investigation
309(1)
Initiating an investigation
309(1)
Evidentiary issues
310(2)
The duties of the investigating authority
312(1)
Determination of dumping
312(1)
Like product
313(2)
Comparison of third-country prices
315(1)
Constructed value
315(2)
Arm's-length transactions and transactions between affiliated parties
317(1)
Sales below cost
318(1)
Fair price comparisons
319(1)
Averaging
320(1)
Zeroing
321(2)
Determination of injury
323(1)
Material injury or threat of material injury
323(1)
Factors to be considered when determining injury
324(1)
Factors to be considered when determining threat
324(1)
Cumulation of injuries
325(1)
Causation
325(2)
Domestic industry
327(1)
The imposition of antidumping measures
328(1)
Provisional measures
328(1)
Definitive measures
328(1)
Retroactivity
329(1)
Duration and review
329(1)
Price undertakings (suspension of antidumping duty investigations)
329(1)
Anti-circumvention
330(1)
Dispute settlement
331(2)
Criminal penalties and private remedies
333(3)
The U.S. 1916 Antidumping Act
333(2)
Future implications of the panel and the Appellate Report on the 1916 Act case
335(1)
Conclusions
336(5)
Regional Trade Agreements
341(32)
Introduction
342(3)
Must preferential trade agreements (PTAs) cover both goods and services in the WTO era?
345(2)
When is a PTA compatible with WTO rules?
347(1)
The GATT test
347(17)
The obligation to notify
348(1)
From GATT working parties to the Committee on Regional Trade Agreements (CRTA): just a cosmetic change?
348(1)
The timing of the notification
349(1)
The powers of the CRTA
350(1)
The CRTA in the context of the GATS
351(1)
The external trade requirement
351(1)
Free-trade areas
351(1)
Customs unions
352(4)
PTAs in the GATS context
356(1)
The internal trade requirement
356(1)
Substantially all the trade
356(1)
The ordinary meaning of the terms
357(1)
The context
357(1)
The object and purpose of the agreement
358(1)
Subsequent decisions
358(1)
Subsequent practice
359(1)
Preparatory work
360(1)
Conclusion
360(1)
``Other restrictive regulations of commerce''
360(1)
The context
361(1)
Subsequent practice
361(2)
Preparatory work
363(1)
Conclusion
363(1)
The GATS regime
364(1)
The WTO: less tolerance for PTAs?
365(8)
Dispute settlement
365(4)
How will PTAs fare in the WTO?
369(4)
Developing Countries
373(22)
The developing world
373(2)
A bit of history
375(5)
GATT Article XX(h)
380(1)
GATT Article XVIII
380(2)
Part IV of the GATT
382(1)
The generalized system of preferences
383(2)
The Global System of Trade Preferences
385(1)
Special and differential treatment provisions for developing countries in the Uruguay Round
385(3)
Trade and economic development
388(1)
Trade and the right to development
389(1)
Enhancing market access
390(1)
New initiatives
391(4)
Intellectual Property
395(44)
Introduction
396(3)
Types of intellectual property rights addressed in the TRIPS Agreement
399(5)
Overview of the TRIPS Agreement
404(2)
Institutional arrangements
406(1)
Provisions relating to developing countries
407(1)
Public policy criticisms
408(16)
Benefits and costs of higher IP standards for developing countries
409(2)
Protection of traditional knowledge and culture
411(1)
Biological diversity
412(1)
Access to genetic resources
413(3)
Patentability
416(1)
Transfer of technology
417(1)
Health
418(1)
Compulsory licensing
419(1)
Parallel imports
420(2)
Beyond the TRIPS Agreement
422(1)
Food
423(1)
The general principles of the TRIPS Agreement
424(1)
The relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and other intellectual property treaties
424(1)
Acquisition and maintenance of intellectual property rights
424(1)
National treatment and most-favoured-nation treatment
425(1)
Minimum substantive standards
425(6)
Copyright and related rights
425(1)
Patents
426(1)
Patent excludability
426(1)
Limited exceptions
427(1)
Compulsory licensing
428(1)
Differing views on compulsory licensing
428(1)
Provisions in the TRIPS Agreement
428(1)
Trademarks and service marks
429(1)
Geographical indications
430(1)
Undisclosed information or trade secrets
430(1)
Industrial designs
431(1)
Layout designs of integrated circuits
431(1)
Enforcement of intellectual property rights under the TRIPS Agreement
431(3)
General principles
431(1)
Civil and administrative procedures and remedies
432(1)
Criminal procedures
432(1)
Border measures
432(1)
Provisional measures
433(1)
Dispute settlement
433(1)
Exhaustion of intellectual property rights
434(1)
Restrictive business practices
435(2)
Types of restrictive business practices involved in technology licensing agreements
435(1)
Article 40 of the TRIPS Agreement
436(1)
Conclusions
437(2)
Environmental Protection and Trade
439(46)
Introduction
440(4)
Environmentalist trade demands: a critical analysis
444(1)
The environmental impact of trade
444(4)
The Tuna Dolphin cases: a false start
448(3)
The WTO approach under GATT 1994
451(5)
GATT Article XX(g)
451(2)
GATT Article XX(b)
453(1)
The chapeau of Article XX
454(2)
Multilateral and bilateral environmental agreements
456(3)
Unilateral measures
459(1)
Protection of natural resources
459(2)
Environmental standards and process and production methods
461(8)
Standards and technical regulations
461(1)
Process and production methods
461(4)
Environmental agreements
465(1)
Environmental management systems
466(2)
Investment
468(1)
Recycling and packaging
469(2)
Eco-labels
471(2)
The export of hazardous substances and wastes
473(3)
Domestically prohibited goods
473(2)
Waste
475(1)
Environmental taxes
476(7)
Taxes on products
480(1)
Taxes on resource use
481(1)
Taxes on inputs
481(2)
Conclusions
483(2)
Technical Barriers, Standards, Trade and Health
485(36)
Introduction
486(1)
The GATT, the SPS Agreement, and the TBT Agreement
486(4)
Health and safety standards under the three agreements
490(23)
The GATT
490(2)
``Necessary'': a sliding scale
492(2)
The Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement (SPS Agreement)
494(1)
Assessing risks on the basis of scientific principles and evidence
495(4)
Factors to consider when assessing risks
499(1)
The precautionary principle
500(1)
Economic factors to consider when assessing risks to animal or plant life or health
500(1)
Taking into account the objective of minimizing negative trade effects
501(1)
The objective of achieving consistency in the protection against risk
501(3)
SPS measures may not be more trade restrictive than necessary
504(2)
Provisional measures
506(1)
Burden of proof
507(1)
The role of expert witnesses
508(1)
Summary of obligations under the SPS Agreement
509(1)
The Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement (TBT Agreement)
510(3)
The Cartagena Biosafety Protocol
513(6)
Health and safety: a reprise and synthesis
519(2)
Trade and Investment
521(18)
Introduction to the trade and investment debate
522(2)
The legal framework of trade-related investment measures in the GATT/WTO regime
524(7)
Introduction to the TRIMs Agreement
524(1)
TRIMs against the background of the GATT
525(1)
The legal relationship between the GATT and the TRIMs Agreement
526(3)
The legal relationship between the TRIMs Agreement and other WTO Annex 1A agreements
529(1)
Investment issues in the GATS
530(1)
Investment issues in the TRIPS Agreement
531(1)
The regulation of trade and investment
531(5)
Analysing whether TRIMs are inconsistent with GATT Article III:4 under the TRIMs Agreement
531(1)
Analysing whether TRIMs are inconsistent with GATT Article XI:1 under the TRIMs Agreement
532(1)
Notification of existing WTO-inconsistent TRIMs
533(1)
Transparency
533(1)
The obligation to eliminate TRIMs within a transition period
534(1)
The ``standstill'' obligation
535(1)
The review of the TRIMs Agreement
535(1)
Institutional issues
535(1)
The MAI: a short-lived story
536(3)
Competition Policy and Trade
539(50)
WTO and competition policy
540(5)
Introduction
540(1)
Anti-competitive conduct that adversely affects international trade
541(1)
International cartels, export cartels, and import cartels
541(2)
Boycotts, tie-in contracts, and vertical restraints
543(1)
Mergers and acquisitions
544(1)
Provisions on competition policy in the WTO agreements
545(5)
Agreement on technical barriers to trade (TBT Agreement)
546(1)
Trade in services
547(2)
Intellectual property and trade-related investment measures
549(1)
Safeguards and antidumping
550(1)
Extraterritorial application of domestic competition laws
550(8)
In general
550(2)
The United States
552(2)
The European Community
554(1)
Germany
555(1)
Japan
556(2)
Conflict of jurisdictions
558(7)
In general
558(1)
The ICI case
558(2)
The Swiss Watch case
560(1)
The Laker case
561(2)
The GE/Honeywell case
563(1)
Summary
564(1)
Trade policy and competition policy
565(3)
Trade policy and competition
565(1)
The Semiconductor case
565(2)
Competition policy implications of the Semiconductor Agreement
567(1)
International cooperation in competition policy
568(9)
Globalizing economy and the need for convergence of competition law and policy
568(1)
International cooperation in competition policy
569(1)
Types of cooperation in competition policy
569(2)
Positive comity
571(1)
Cooperation in investigation
572(1)
Convergence of competition policy and law
573(2)
The ICPAC Report
575(2)
The competition policy debates in the WTO
577(7)
Activities of the working group on trade and competition policy in the WTO
577(2)
Review of the working group's reports
579(1)
Consensus
580(1)
Divergent views
580(2)
The Ministerial Declaration on Competition Policy adopted at the Doha Ministerial Conference in November 2001
582(2)
Conclusions
584(5)
Option 1: A declaration that competition policy is an integral part of the WTO regime
584(1)
Option 2: A plurilateral agreement
584(2)
Option 3: A non-binding multilateral framework for cooperation in competition policy
586(1)
Option 4: A partly-binding multilateral framework
587(2)
Future Challenges
589(24)
Three crises
589(6)
Internal decision-making
590(2)
Civil society
592(2)
Developing countries
594(1)
The multilateral trading system at a crossroads
595(4)
Societal issues
599(10)
The environment
599(2)
Health
601(1)
Workers' rights
602(2)
Human rights
604(1)
The poor
605(2)
Intellectual property
607(1)
Transparency
608(1)
Governance
608(1)
The Doha negotiating agenda
609(4)
Index 613

An electronic version of this book is available through VitalSource.

This book is viewable on PC, Mac, iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, and most smartphones.

By purchasing, you will be able to view this book online, as well as download it, for the chosen number of days.

Digital License

You are licensing a digital product for a set duration. Durations are set forth in the product description, with "Lifetime" typically meaning five (5) years of online access and permanent download to a supported device. All licenses are non-transferable.

More details can be found here.

A downloadable version of this book is available through the eCampus Reader or compatible Adobe readers.

Applications are available on iOS, Android, PC, Mac, and Windows Mobile platforms.

Please view the compatibility matrix prior to purchase.