The World Trade Organization Law, Practice, and Policy,9780199284566

The World Trade Organization Law, Practice, and Policy

by ; ;
Edition: 2nd
ISBN13: 9780199284566
ISBN10: 0199284563
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2006-06-01
Publisher(s): Oxford University Press
Upgraded Edition: Click here!
  • Free Shipping Icon

    This Item Qualifies for Free Shipping!*

    *Excludes marketplace orders.

List Price: $319.19

Rent Textbook

Select for Price
Add to Cart
There was a problem. Please try again later.

New Textbook

We're Sorry
Sold Out

Used Textbook

We're Sorry
Sold Out

eTextbook

We're Sorry
Not Available

Buy from our Marketplace starting at $32.20

How Marketplace Works:

  • This item is offered by an independent seller and not shipped from our warehouse
  • Item details like edition and cover design may differ from our description; see seller's comments before ordering.
  • Sellers much confirm and ship within two business days; otherwise, the order will be cancelled and refunded.
  • Marketplace purchases cannot be returned to eCampus.com. Contact the seller directly for inquiries; if no response within two days, contact customer service.
  • Additional shipping costs apply to Marketplace purchases. Review shipping costs at checkout.

Summary

"This comprehensively revised new edition of the acclaimed work by an outstanding team of WTO law specialists, provides a complete overview of the law and practice of the WTO."--BOOK JACKET.

Author Biography


Mitsuo Matsushita is Professor Emeritus at Tokyo University and a former member of the WTO Appellate Body.
Thomas J. Schoenbaum is Rusk Professor of International Law at the University of Georgia.
Petros C. Mavroidis is Professor of Law at the University of Neuchatel.

Table of Contents

Index of WTO Panels xxxviii
Index of GATT Panels liii
Tables of WTO and GATT Decisions lxvi
Tables of Court and Administrative Decisions xcviii
1. The World Trade Organization
1(18)
1. Bretton Woods and the failure of the International Trade Organization
1(1)
2. The GATT becomes an international organization
2(1)
3. A summary of GATT obligations
3(2)
4. The GATT tariff negotiating rounds
5(1)
5. The creation of the WTO
6(3)
6. The WTO: functions and structure
9(5)
6.1 Membership, accession and withdrawal
11(1)
6.2 Decision-making
12(2)
6.2.1 General decision-making
12(1)
6.2.2 Interpretations
12(1)
6.2.3 Waivers
13(1)
6.2.4 Amendments
13(1)
6.3 The WTO as an international organization
14(1)
7. Suggestions for improving the WTO
14(2)
8. Current Work: The Doha Development Agenda
16(3)
2. Sources of Law and Their Interpretative Elements
19(70)
1. WTO: a hybrid system
21(5)
2. Setting the scene for discussion: three preliminary observations
26(11)
2.1 Classification through interpretation: the method, and its influences and repercussions
26(6)
2.1.1 The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties enters the WTO
26(4)
2.1.2 External considerations stemming from the interpretative process
30(1)
2.1.2.1 Identifying the interpretative elements
30(1)
2.1.2.2 Prejudging the legal value through interpretation
31(1)
2.2 The long road from identification to classification
32(5)
2.2.1 WTO adjudicating bodies have identified, but rarely classified
32(1)
2.2.2 An attempt at classification: understanding the benchmarks
33(4)
3. Sources of law
37(21)
3.1 The covered agreements
37(17)
3.1.1 Travaux préparatoires of the WTO agreement: legally relevant to ascertain
38(1)
3.1.1.1 The content of the travaux préparatoires
40(1)
3.1.1.2 Conditions for recourse to travaux préparatoires in practice
50(3)
3.1.2 Subsequent practice
53(1)
3.1.3 Subsequent agreements
53(1)
3.2 International agreements reflected in the covered agreements
54(4)
3.2.1 The Havana Charter
54(1)
3.2.2 Agreements reflected in the TRIPS agreement
55(1)
3.2.3 Agreements reflected in the SCM agreement
55(1)
3.2.4 The legal relevance of the agreements mentioned in the WTO agreement
56(2)
4. Interpretative elements
58(29)
4.1 GATT panel reports
58(3)
4.1.1 Adopted GATT reports
59(1)
4.1.2 Un-adopted GATT reports
60(1)
4.2 WTO panel and Appellate Body reports
61(3)
4.3 Decisions and recommendations by various WTO organs
64(3)
4.3.1 Decisions and recommendations by WTO Committees
64(2)
4.3.2 WTO Working Party reports
66(1)
4.4 International agreements not reflected in the WTO agreement
67(4)
4.4.1 The Tokyo round agreements
67(1)
4.4.2 Other international agreements
67(1)
4.4.2.1 Agreements referred to in WTO decisions
68(1)
4.4.2.2 Bilateral agreements among WTO Members
68(1)
4.4.2.3 Multilateral agreements
69(2)
4.5 Acts adopted by various international organizations
71(1)
4.5.1 United Nations (UN) Resolutions
71(1)
4.5.2 ITU Recommendations
71(1)
4.5.3 OECD Guidelines
71(1)
4.6 Decisions by international courts
72(1)
4.7 Domestic law and practice
72(1)
4.8 Unilateral declarations by WTO Members
73(3)
4.8.1 Unilateral declarations outside panel proceedings
73(2)
4.8.2 Unilateral declarations made during panel proceedings
75(1)
4.9 Customary international law
76(5)
4.10 General principles of law
81(5)
4.10.1 The nature of general principles
81(1)
4.10.2 Estoppel
82(1)
4.10.3 Good Faith (Bona Fides)
83(1)
4.10.4 Error
84(1)
4.10.5 Res judicata
84(1)
4.10.6 In dubio mitius
85(1)
4.10.7 Non adimplenti contractus
86(1)
4.11 Doctrine
86(1)
5. Conclusions
87(2)
3. WTO Law and Domestic Law
89(14)
1. Introduction
89(2)
2. The United States
91(4)
2.1 Overview of U.S. law
91(1)
2.2 The relationship between WTO law and U.S. law
92(3)
3. The European Community
95(4)
3.1 External relations and the EU/EC
95(2)
3.2 The relationship between WTO law and the laws of the EC and its Member States
97(2)
4. Japan
99(4)
4.1 Overview of Japanese law
99(4)
4. Dispute Settlement
103(30)
1. Introduction
104(1)
2. Dispute settlement in the GATT
105(2)
3. WTO dispute settlement
107(26)
3.1 General considerations
108(1)
3.2 Institutions
108(1)
3.3 Scope of application
109(2)
3.4 The legal effect of panel and Appellate Body reports
111(1)
3.5 Dispute resolution procedures
112(3)
3.5.1 Objectives
112(1)
3.5.2 Initiation: request for consultations
113(1)
3.5.3 Standing to bring claims
113(1)
3.5.4 Good offices, conciliation, and mediation
114(1)
3.5.5 Arbitration
115(1)
3.6 The panel process
115(2)
3.7 The appeal process
117(1)
3.8 Implementation
3.8.1 Reasonable period for implementation
117(1)
3.8.2 Compliance and the -sequencing" problem
118(1)
3.9 Compensation for failure to comply and retaliation
119(2)
3.10 Special dispute resolution procedures
121(2)
3.10.1 Non-violation complaints
121(1)
3.10.2 Situation complaints
122(1)
3.11 Adverse inference
123(1)
3.12 Amicus curiae
124(1)
3.13 Burden of proof
125(2)
3.14 Judicial economy
127(1)
3.15 Standard of review
128(3)
3.16 Critique of the DSU
131(2)
4. Trade retaliation under national laws
133(8)
4.1 The European Union
133(1)
4.2 Japan
134(1)
4.3 The United States
135(3)
4.4 Critique of trade retaliation under national laws
138(3)
5. Enforcement of WTO Obligations: Remedies and Compliance
141(60)
1. Enforcing WTO obligations
143(1)
2. The types of complaint available
144(1)
3. Recommendations and suggestions by WTO adjudicating bodies
145(9)
3.1 Recommendations
146(2)
3.1.1 The substantive content of a recommendation
147(1)
3.1.2 The function of a recommendation
147(1)
3.1.3 The legal force of a recommendation
147(1)
3.2 Suggestions
148(6)
3.2.1 The substantive content of a suggestion
148(1)
3.2.2 The function of a suggestion
148(1)
3.2.3 Requesting a suggestion
149(1)
3.2.3.1 Requests for suggestions must be specific
149(1)
3.2.3.2 Discretion as to suggestion, even when requested
149(1)
3.2.3.3 The dominant case for suggestions (when requested): no other way to implement
151(2)
3.2.4 Un-requested suggestions
153(1)
3.2.4.1 Legislative "suggestion": the case of export subsidies
153(1)
3.2.4.2 Other cases
154(1)
3.2.5 Suggestions are not binding
154(1)
4. Reasonable period of time (RPT)
154(6)
4.1 Bilateral definition of the RPT
155(1)
4.2 Multilateral definition of the RPT
155(5)
4.2.1 The regulatory framework
155(1)
4.2.2 The task of the Arbitrator
155(1)
4.2.3 Measuring the RPT under Art 21.3c DSU
156(1)
4.2.3.1 The function of the 15 month guideline
156(1)
4.2.3.2 Attendant Circumstances
157(3)
5. Compliance panels
160(5)
5.1 The mechanics
160(1)
5.2 The rationale for compliance panels and the sequencing issue
161(2)
5.3 The mandate of compliance panels
163(2)
5.4 Compliance panel reports can be appealed
165(1)
5.5 More than one compliance panel on the same dispute?
165(1)
6. Requesting countermeasures
165(31)
6.1 The right to request countermeasures
165(1)
6.2 The function of compensation, suspension of concessions or other obligations
166(2)
6.3 The form of countermeasures
168(1)
6.4 The procedure to be followed
169(6)
6.5 The legal constraint of Art 22.4 DSU
175(1)
6.6 Agreement between the parties
175(1)
6.7 Disagreement between the parties
176(29)
6.7.1 Compulsory submission to the Arbitrators
176(1)
6.7.2 The task of the Arbitrators
176(2)
6.7.3 The burden of proof
178(1)
6.7.4 The Arbitrators' decision: first and last resort
179(1)
6.7.5 Calculating the level of suspension of concessions
180(1)
6.7.5.1 Economics matter
180(1)
6.7.5.2 Standard of review
182(1)
6.7.5.3 No room for punitive damages
183(1)
6.7.5.4 Retroactive or prospective remedies?
185(1)
6.7.5.5 Indirect benefits
187(1)
6.7.5.6 Only added value matters
189(1)
6.7.5.7 Litigation costs are not recoverable
190(1)
6.7.5.8 Calculating countermeasures following a GATS-violation
190(1)
6.7.5.9 The special case of prohibited subsidies
191(5)
7. Compliance following the adoption of countermeasures
196(1)
8. To conclude ...
196(5)
6. The Most-Favoured Nation Clause (MFN)
201(32)
1. MFN: some basic economic concepts and institutional realities
202(3)
2. The MFN regime as enshrined in Art I GATT
205(14)
2.1 The coverage summarized
205(1)
2.2 The policies (conferring an advantage) covered
206(3)
2.2.1 Border measures of a fiscal character
206(2)
2.2.2 Border measures of a non-fiscal character
208(1)
2.2.3 Internal measures
209(1)
2.3 The original beneficiary of the advantage
209(1)
2.4 The extension of the advantage of WTO membership
209(8)
2.4.1 Extension to like products
209(2)
2.4.2 Like products originating in WTO Member States
211(1)
2.4.3 Extending MFN-treatment immediately and unconditionally
212(5)
2.5 The standard of review
217(2)
2.5.1 De jure and de facto discrimination covered
217(1)
2.5.2 No demonstration of effects or intent required
218(1)
2.5.3 No rebalancing permitted
219(1)
3. Exceptions to the MFN clause
219(14)
3.1 Special and differential treatment for developing countries
220(9)
3.1.1 The Enabling clause
220(1)
3.1.2 Some historical features
221(5)
3.1.3 The placement of the Enabling clause in the WTO legal order
226(1)
3.1.4 An exception to Art I GATT
226(1)
3.1.5 Non discrimination in the context of the Enabling clause
227(2)
3.1.6 Allocation of burden of proof
229(1)
3.2 Discriminatory quotas (Art XIV GATT)
229(2)
3.3 Waivers
231(2)
7. The National Treatment Principle
233(24)
1. What is the national treatment principle?
234(2)
2. National treatment: some key issues
236(9)
2.1 "Like" products
236(4)
2.1.1 Article III:2, first sentence
237(1)
2.1.2 Article III:2, second sentence
237(1)
2.1.3 Article III:4
238(1)
2.1.4 The aim and effects test
239(1)
2.2 The product-process distinction
240(1)
2.3 Technical regulations and sanitary and phytosanitary measures
241(1)
2.4 Application of Article III to state-trading monopolies
242(1)
2.5 Application of Article III national treatment obligations to sub-federal units of WTO Members
243(1)
2.6 The relationship between Article III and Article XI of the GATT
244(1)
3. Taxes
245(4)
3.1 Scope
246(1)
3.2 Border tax adjustment
246(1)
3.3 The non-discrimination principle
247(2)
4. Government regulations
249(3)
5. De facto discrimination
252(4)
6. Article XX exceptions
256(1)
8. Tariffs, Quotas and Other Barriers to Market Access
257(30)
1. Introduction
258(1)
2. Tariffs and customs rules
259(10)
2.1 The nature of a tariff
259(1)
2.2 Welfare effects of tariffs
259(2)
2.3 Tariff modifications
261(1)
2.4 Reclassification
262(1)
2.5 Valuation
263(2)
2.6 Rules of origin
265(2)
2.7 Customs laws and procedures
267(1)
2.8 Customs fees and formalities
268(1)
2.9 Preshipment inspection (PSI)
268(1)
3. Quotas
269(6)
3.1 The nature of a quota
269(1)
3.2 Welfare effects of quotas
270(1)
3.3 Prohibition on quotas and other measures that restrain trade
270(2)
3.4 Exceptions to the prohibition on quotas and other measures
272(2)
3.5 Licensing
274(1)
4. State-trading enterprises
275(3)
5. Technical barriers to trade
278(2)
6. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures
280(1)
7. Sectoral market access agreements
281(6)
7.1 Agriculture
281(1)
7.2 Textiles and clothing
282(2)
7.3 Information technology
284(1)
7.4 Electronic commerce
284(3)
9. Agriculture
287(44)
1. Trading farm products in the GATT era
288(4)
1.1 The legal framework
288(3)
1.2 The reality
291(1)
2. The Uruguay round brings change
292(3)
2.1 Negotiators with export interest pushed...
292(1)
2.2 ...and internal (EC) reform helped as well...
293(1)
2.3 ...to make a start
294(1)
3. The WTO Agreement on Agriculture summarized
295(4)
3.1 How to liberalize farm trade
295(1)
3.2 The AG Agreement in context
296(1)
3.3 Absence of hierarchy? The AG Agreement and the national schedules of concession
297(2)
3.4 Product-specific coverage of the AG Agreement
299(1)
4. The restrictions on domestic subsidies
299(16)
4.1 The obligation to convert existing process into tariffs
299(2)
4.2 Calculating the level of protection
301(8)
4.2.1 The AMS is the benchmark for commitments
301(2)
4.2.2 The extent of the AMS
303(2)
4.2.3 Exemptions from the AMS
305(1)
4.2.3.1 De minimis thresholds
305(1)
4.2.3.2 Production limiting programmes (Blue box)
306(1)
4.2.3.3 Support to low-income producers in developing countries
306(1)
4.2.3.4 Minimal, or non-trade-distorting schemes (Green box)
307(2)
4.3 The resulting perspective: tariff peaks, no ad valorem duties
309(6)
5. Export subsidy commitments
315(12)
5.1 What is an "export subsidy"?
315(3)
5.1.1 Export subsidies explicitly mentioned
315(3)
5.1.2 De facto export subsidies
318(1)
5.2 The restrictions with respect to export subsidies
318(6)
5.2.1 The regime summarized
318(1)
5.2.1.1 Scheduled goods, schemes covered by Art 9.1 AG
322(1)
5.2.1.2 Unscheduled goods, schemes covered by Art 9.1 AG
322(1)
5.2.1.3 Scheduled and unscheduled goods, schemes not covered by Art 9.1AG
322(1)
5.2.2 The standard of review for violations of export subsidy commitments (Art 3.3 AG)
323(1)
5.2.3 The standard of review for violations of the anti-circumvention provision (Art 10 AG)
323(1)
5.3 WTO Members' commitments on export subsidies
324(3)
6. Other commitments
327(2)
6.1 Due restraint (Peace Clause)
327(1)
6.2 Export prohibition
327(1)
6.3 Transparency requirements
327(1)
6.4 Least developed and net food-importing developing countries
328(1)
7. Agriculture in the development round
329(2)
10. Subsidies and Countervailing Duties 331(64)
1. Thou shalt not subsidize
332(4)
2. A subsidy in the SCM sense of the term
336(28)
2.1 Financial contribution
336(10)
2.1.1 Direct and indirect financial contribution
336(1)
2.1.2 Financial contribution: an expansive interpretation
337(4)
2.1.3 The special case of double taxation
341(1)
2.1.4 Recourse to regulatory diversity to determine whether financial contribution exists
342(1)
2.1.5 Attributing financial contribution to a government
343(3)
2.2 A benefit conferred
346(6)
2.2.1 The private investor-test
347(4)
2.2.2 The cost of production
351(1)
2.3 The recipient: specific (and also unintentional)
352(3)
2.4 Methods for calculation of benefit
355(5)
2.5 Classification of subsidies
360(4)
2.5.1 Prohibited subsidies
360(4)
2.5.2 Actionable subsidies
364(1)
2.5.3 Non-actionable subsidies
364(1)
3. Counteracting subsidies
364(26)
3.1 The multilateral option
365(10)
3.1.1 Prohibited subsidies
365(4)
3.1.2 Adverse effects
369(1)
3.1.2.1 Adverse effects resulting in serious prejudice
369(1)
3.1.2.2 Adverse effects resulting in nullification or impairment
374(1)
3.1.2.3 Legal action to eliminate adverse effects
374(1)
3.2 The unilateral option: countervailing duties (CVDs)
375(21)
3.2.1 The conditions for lawful imposition
375(1)
3.2.1.1 The substantive requirement
375(1)
3.2.1.2 The procedural requirements
382(2)
3.2.2 Imposition of CVDs
384(1)
3.2.2.1 The level of CVDs (Lesser duty rule)
384(1)
3.2.2.2 Imposition of CVDs on an aggregate basis
384(1)
3.2.2.3 Retroactive application of CVDs
385(1)
3.2.3 Review of CVDs
385(1)
3.2.3.1 The sunset review
386(1)
3.2.3.2 The administrative review
387(3)
4. Thou shalt not be punished in any other way
390(2)
5. Special and differential treatment
392(1)
6. Standard of review
393(1)
7. Conclusions
393(2)
11. Antidumping 395(42)
1. What is dumping?
396(5)
1.1 Dumping as sales below cost
397(1)
1.2 Dumping as international price discrimination
398(1)
1.3 Duration
399(1)
1.4 Cost analysis
399(1)
1.5 Welfare effects
400(1)
1.6 Measures to counteract dumping
400(1)
2. The regulation of antidumping duties
401(26)
2.1 The legal framework of antidumping in the GATT/WTO regime
401(2)
2.1.1 GATT Article VI
402(1)
2.1.2 The Antidumping Agreement
402(1)
2.1.3 Institutions and notifications
403(1)
2.1.4 Developing countries
403(1)
2.2 Investigation
403(3)
2.2.1 Initiating an investigation
403(1)
2.2.2 Evidential issues
404(2)
2.2.3 The duties of the investigating authority
406(1)
2.3 Determination of dumping
406(11)
2.3.1 Like product
407(2)
2.3.2 Comparison of third-country prices
409(1)
2.3.3 Constructed value
409(2)
2.3.4 Arm's-length transactions and transactions between affiliated parties
411(1)
2.3.5 Sales below cost
412(1)
2.3.6 Fair price comparisons
413(1)
2.3.7 Averaging
414(1)
2.3.8 Zeroing
415(2)
2.4 Determination of injury
417(4)
2.4.1 Material injury or threat of material injury
417(1)
2.4.2 Factors to be considered when determining injury
418(1)
2.4.3 Factors to be considered when determining threat
419(1)
2.4.4 Cumulation of injuries
419(1)
2.4.5 Causation
420(1)
2.5 Domestic industry
421(1)
2.6 The imposition of antidumping measures
422(2)
2.6.1 Provisional measures
422(1)
2.6.2 Definitive measures
423(1)
2.6.3 Retroactivity
423(1)
2.6.4 Duration and review
423(1)
2.7 Price undertakings (suspension of antidumping duty investigations)
424(1)
2.8 Anti-circumvention
424(1)
2.9 Dispute settlement
425(2)
3. Criminal penalties and private remedies
427(6)
3.1 The U.S. 1916 Antidumping Act
428(2)
3.2 Future implications of the panel and the Appellate Report on the 1916 Act case
430(1)
3.3 The U.S. Offset Act
431(2)
4. Conclusions
433(4)
12. Safeguards 437(38)
1. Introduction
438(1)
2. The legal and policy framework for safeguards in the GATT/WTO regime
439(1)
3. GATT Article XIX and the Agreement on Safeguards
440(20)
3.1 GATT Article XIX
440(1)
3.2 The Safeguards Agreement
440(1)
3.3 The relationship between GATT Article XIX and the Safeguards Agreement
441(1)
3.4 Investigation
442(1)
3.5 Provisional application
443(1)
3.6 Determination of increased imports
443(1)
3.7 Unforeseen developments
444(2)
3.8 Determination of injury
446(5)
3.8.1 Serious injury or threat of serious injury
446(1)
3.8.1.1 Serious injury
447(1)
3.8.1.2 Threat of serious injury
447(1)
3.8.1.3 Factors to be considered when determining injury or threat thereof
448(1)
3.8.1.4 Domestic industry
449(1)
3.8.2 Causation
449(2)
3.9 Limits on the application of safeguard measures
451(6)
3.9.1 Parallelism
451(3)
3.9.2 Non-attribution
454(1)
3.9.3 Extent of safeguards
455(1)
3.9.4 Selectivity
455(1)
3.9.5 Developing countries
456(1)
3.9.6 GATT Article XIII
456(1)
3.9.7 Duration and review
457(1)
3.10 Notification and consultation
457(1)
3.11 Compensation
458(2)
3.12 The standard of review for safeguard disputes
460(1)
4. Safeguard measures for balance-of-payment reasons
460(5)
4.1 The GATT
460(3)
4.2 The WTO
463(2)
5. Safeguard measures in textile and clothing trade
465(2)
6. Prohibition on voluntary export restraints
467(10)
6.1 Prohibition in the Safeguards Agreement
467(1)
6.2 Tension between voluntary export restraints and competition policy
468(15)
6.2.1 The automobile VER case
469(3)
6.2.2 The steel VER Case
472(1)
6.2.3 Analysis of the conflict between trade policy and competition policy
473(2)
13. Technical Barriers to Trade: TBT and SPS 475(72)
1. The role of TBT and SPS
477(4)
2. The legal relationship between GATT, TBT and SPS
481(2)
3. Technical Barriers to Trade
483(19)
3.1 Coverage
483(2)
3.2 Technical regulations
485(14)
3.2.1 National treatment and MFN
485(1)
3.2.2 International standards
486(1)
3.2.2.1 The definition of international standards in TBT
489(1)
3.2.2.2 International standards and the necessity requirement
491(1)
3.2.2.3 Technical regulations must be based on international standards
491(1)
3.2.2.4 Legitimate objectives pursued through international standards
492(1)
3.2.2.5 Deviating from inappropriate or ineffective international standards
493(1)
3.2.2.6 Burden of proof in case of deviation
494(2)
3.2.3 Unilateral technical regulations
496(1)
3.2.3.1 The necessity requirement
497(1)
3.2.3.2 Performance requirements
497(1)
3.2.3.3 Mutual recognition agreements (MRAs)
498(1)
3.2.3.4 Additional obligations
498(1)
3.3 Standards
499(2)
3.3.1 National treatment
499(1)
3.3.2 Code of Good Practice
500(1)
3.4 Common (to technical regulations and standards) provisions
501(1)
3.4.1 Conformity assessment
501(1)
3.4.2 Special and differential treatment
501(1)
3.4.3 Expert groups
502(1)
4. The Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
502(38)
4.1 Coverage
502(1)
4.2 International standards
503(6)
4.2.1 Recourse to international standards
503(2)
4.2.2 International standards and the necessity requirement
505(1)
4.2.3 SPS measures must be based on international standards
505(2)
4.2.4 Deviating from international standards
507(1)
4.2.5 Burden of proof in cases of deviation from international standards
508(1)
4.3 National SPS measures
509(28)
4.3.1 National treatment and MFN for nationally-defined SPS measures
509(1)
4.3.2 SPS measures on scientific evidence
510(1)
4.3.2.1 The obligation to have recourse to scientific evidence
510(1)
4.3.2.2 Defining risk
511(1)
4.3.2.3 Defining risk assessment
512(11)
4.3.3 The necessity requirement in the trade context: least restrictive option
523(1)
4.3.3.1 The test for consistency with Art 5.6 SPS
524(1)
4.3.3.2 The appropriate level of protection
524(3)
4.3.4 Consistency in the application of the appropriate level of protection
527(5)
4.3.5 SPS measures adopted on precaution
532(1)
4.3.5.1 The precautionary principle in the WTO and in customary international law
532(1)
4.3.5.2 Precaution and scientific evidence
534(1)
4.3.5.3 Establishing (in-)consistency with Art 5.7 SPS
535(2)
4.4 Remaining SPS provisions
537(2)
4.4.1 Control inspection and approval procedures
537(1)
4.4.2 Equivalence
538(1)
4.4.3 Procedural obligations
539(1)
4.5 Special and differential treatment
539(1)
5. Recourse to experts
540(4)
5.1 Appointment of experts
540(1)
5.2 The legal relevance of expertise
541(1)
5.3 To bear in mind...
542(2)
6. Standard of review
544(1)
7. Conclusions
544(3)
14. Preferential Trade Agreements in the WTO 547(44)
1. Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) in the WTO: FTAs and CUs
548(1)
2. Globalization yet preferences too
549(2)
3. What matters in preferential trade?
551(3)
4. PTAs in the GATT
554(24)
4.1 No intrinsic inconsistency
554(1)
4.2 The Art XXIV GATT test summarized
555(1)
4.3 Designed at home, approved (?) in Geneva
555(4)
4.3.1 Two tracks available for review of the consistency of FTAs and CUs
555(1)
4.3.2 Choice of track
556(3)
4.4 The multilateral track
559(14)
4.4.1 The duty to notify a PTA
559(1)
4.4.1.1 A brief summary, of the CRTA
559(1)
4.4.1.2 When to notify?
560(2)
4.4.2 The external requirement
562(1)
4.4.2.1 Free Trade Areas (FTAs)
562(1)
4.4.2.2 Customs Unions
564(4)
4.4.3 The internal requirement
568(1)
4.4.3.1 The test summarized
568(1)
4.4.3.2 Substantially all trade
568(1)
4.4.3.3 Other restrictive regulations of commerce
570(2)
4.4.4 Conclusions
572(1)
4.5 The bilateral track
573(4)
4.5.1 GATT panels: conflicting or scarce evidence
574(1)
4.5.2 WTO panels: potential PTA-busters
575(2)
4.6 Reviewing GAT jurisprudence
577(1)
5. PTAs in the GATS-context
578(4)
5.1 The procedural obligation
578(1)
5.2 The substantive obligations
578(2)
5.2.1 The internal requirement
578(1)
5.2.2 The external requirement
579(1)
5.3 Extending the benefits to third parties
580(1)
5.4 Two available tracks
580(1)
5.5 The standard of review
580(1)
5.6 Labour market integration agreements
581(1)
5.7 GATS: no jurisprudence
581(1)
5.8 Should PTAs cover both GATTS and GATS?
581(1)
6. No panel jurisprudence (for good reasons)
582(6)
6.1 The outsiders: if I don't do it, somebody else will
583(4)
6.1.1 Risk averse agents (panels)
584(1)
6.1.2 Cost of litigation
585(1)
6.1.3 De minimis? Less enforcement, better (export) opportunities
586(1)
6.1.4 Unnecessary restriction of future options
586(1)
6.1.5 Corruption
586(1)
6.1.6 Too much at stake?
587(1)
6.2 The incumbents: I won't do it, you shouldn't either (no room for an eye for an eye)
587(1)
6.3 Is there a third group of countries?
588(1)
7. MFN is LFN
588(3)
15. Export Controls and National Security 591(10)
1. Introduction
591(1)
2. Export restraints
592(1)
3. Export taxes
593(1)
4. Security exceptions
594(4)
5. Extraterritorial application of export controls
598(2)
6. Conclusions
600(1)
16. Trade in Services 601(94)
1. The advent of GATS
604(5)
2. The relationship between GATT and GATS
609(2)
3. The scope of GATS: liberalization of trade in services
611(6)
3.1 Defining service
611(2)
3.2 Defining measures affecting trade in services
613(3)
3.3 Modes of supply
616(1)
4. Non-retroactivity of obligations assumed under GATS
617(2)
5. General obligations
619(21)
5.1 MFN
619(7)
5.1.1 Likeness of services (and service suppliers)
620(1)
5.1.2 Automatically and unconditionally
621(1)
5.1.3 The standard of review: de jure, de facto discrimination
622(1)
5.1.4 MFN exceptions
623(3)
5.2 Transparency
626(1)
5.3 Economic integration
627(1)
5.4 Domestic regulation
627(3)
5.5 Mutual recognition
630(2)
5.6 Competition-related requirements
632(1)
5.7 Safeguards
633(1)
5.8 Payments and transfers
633(1)
5.9 Subsidies
634(1)
5.10 General exceptions
635(5)
5 10.1 A brief overview of Art XIV GATS
635(1)
5.10.2 Necessity in Art XIV GATS
636(1)
5.10.2.1 Necessary to protect public morals or public order
638(1)
5.10.2.2 Necessary to secure compliance
639(1)
5.10.2.3 Compliance with the chapeau of Art XIV GATS
639(1)
5.11 Institutional provisions
640(1)
6. Specific commitments
640(8)
6.1 The primacy of CPC
640(2)
6.2 The scheduling modalities
642(5)
6.2.1 The 1993 and 2001 Scheduling Guidelines
642(3)
6.2.2 Horizontal and sector-specific commitments
645(1)
6.2.3 The level of commitments: none, unbound and in-between
646(1)
6.3 Interpreting commitments by WTO members
647(1)
7. Art XVI GATS: market access under the GATS
648(11)
7.1 The objective function of Art XVI GATS
648(6)
7.2 How to schedule Art XVI commitments
654(1)
7.3 Can WTO Members restrict access to their market through measures other than those defined in Art XVI.2 GATS?
655(2)
7.4 Relationship with other provisions
657(2)
7.4.1 Art XVI — Art XVII GATS
657(1)
7.4.2 Art XVI — Art VI GATS
657(2)
7.4.3 Art XVI — Art XIV GATS
659(1)
8. Art XVII GATS: national treatment
659(9)
8.1 The scope of national treatment
659(3)
8.2 The test of Art XVII GATS summarized
662(1)
8.3 Applying the test
662(4)
8.3.1 Specific commitments must have been undertaken
662(1)
8.3.2 Measure affecting trade in services
662(1)
8.3.3 Like services or service suppliers
663(1)
8.3.4 Treatment no less favourable
664(2)
8.4 Standard of review: de jure and de facto violations
666(1)
8.5 Relationship with other provisions
667(1)
8.5.1 Art XVII — Art XVI GATS
667(1)
8.5.2 Art XVII — Art VI GATS
667(1)
8.5.3 Art XVII — Art XIV GATS
667(1)
9. Art XVIII GATS: additional commitments
668(2)
9.1 The scope of additional commitments
668(1)
9.2 The mechanics of scheduling additional commitments
669(1)
9.3 Relationship with other provisions
669(1)
9.3.1 Art XVIII — Art II GATS
669(1)
9.3.2 Art XVIII — Art XIV GATS
669(1)
9.3.3 Art XVIII — Art XXI GATS
669(1)
10. Changes in the specific commitments
670(4)
10.1 Replacing and adding to past commitments
670(3)
10.2 Multilateral modification of schedules
673(1)
10.3 Unilateral modification of schedules
673(1)
11. Liberalizing trade in services: an empirical view
674(3)
12. The WTO Telecoms Agreement
677(15)
12.1 A lengthy negotiation process
677(1)
12.2 Sources of law
678(2)
12.2.1 The Annex
679(1)
12.3 The Reference Paper
680(9)
12.3.1 The rationale for negotiating the Reference Paper
680(2)
12.3.2 The Reference Paper summarized
682(1)
12.3.3 Anti-competitive practices envisaged
683(1)
12.3.4 Interconnection
684(1)
12.3.4.1 Who should abide by? Defining the major supplier
684(1)
12.3.4.2 International (?) interconnection
685(1)
12.3.4.3 Cost-orientated rates for interconnection
687(1)
12.3.4.4 Interconnection on reasonable terms and conditions
689(1)
12.4 Scheduling commitments in telecoms
689(19)
12.4.1 The telecoms-specificity of the Services Sectoral Classification List
689(1)
12.4.2 Level of commitments by modes of supply
690(1)
12.4.3 Types of limitations maintained
691(1)
13. Conclusions
692(3)
17. Intellectual Property 695(44)
1. Introduction
696(3)
2. Types of intellectual property rights addressed in the TRIPS Agreement
699(5)
3. Overview of the TRIPS Agreement
704(2)
4. Institutional arrangements
706(1)
5. Provisions relating to developing countries
707(1)
6. Public policy criticisms
708(16)
6.1 Benefits and costs of higher IP standards for developing countries
709(2)
6.2 Protection of traditional knowledge and culture
711(1)
6.3 Biological diversity
712(6)
6.3.1 Access to genetic resources
713(3)
6.3.2 Patentability
716(1)
6.3.3 Transfer of technology
717(1)
6.4 Health
718(5)
6.4.1 Compulsory licensing
719(1)
6.4.2 Parallel imports
720(2)
6.4.3 Beyond the TRIPS Agreement
722(1)
6.5 Food
723(1)
7. The general principles of the TRIPS Agreement
724(1)
7.1 The relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and other intellectual property treaties
724(1)
7.2 Acquisition and maintenance of intellectual property rights
724(1)
7.3 National treatment and most-favoured-nation treatment
725(1)
8. Minimum substantive standards
725(7)
8.1 Copyright and related rights
725(1)
8.2 Patents
726(4)
8.2.1 Patent excludability
726(1)
8.2.2 Limited exceptions
727(1)
8.2.3 Compulsory licensing
728(1)
8.2.3.1 Differing views on compulsory licensing
728(1)
8.2.3.2 Provisions in the TRIPS Agreement
729(1)
8.3 Trademarks and service marks
730(1)
8.4 Geographical indications
730(1)
8.5 Undisclosed information or trade secrets
731(1)
8.6 Industrial designs
731(1)
8.7 Layout designs of integrated circuits
731(1)
9. Enforcement of intellectual property rights under the TRIPS Agreement
732(2)
9.1 General principles
732(1)
9.2 Civil and administrative procedures and remedies
732(1)
9.3 Criminal procedures
732(1)
9.4 Border measures
733(1)
9.5 Provisional measures
733(1)
9.6 Dispute settlement
734(1)
10. Exhaustion of intellectual property rights
734(1)
11. Restrictive business practices
735(2)
11.1 Types of restrictive business practices involved in technology licensing agreements
735(1)
11.2 Article 40 of the TRIPS Agreement
736(1)
12. Conclusions
737(2)
18. Government Procurement 739(24)
1. The Government Procurement Agreement as a Plurilateral Agreement
740(2)
2. The background of the Agreement on Government Procurement
742(2)
2.1 General background
742(1)
2.2 The Tokyo Round Agreement
743(1)
3. Major features of the Agreement on Government Procurement
744(7)
3.1 In general
744(1)
3.2 Scope and coverage
745(1)
3.3 National treatment and non-discrimination
746(1)
3.4 Rules of origin
746(1)
3.5 Special and differential treatment for developing countries
747(1)
3.6 Technical specifications
747(1)
3.7 Tendering procedures
748(1)
3.8 Abnormally low tendering
749(1)
3.9 Challenge procedures
749(1)
3.10 Consultations and dispute settlement
750(1)
3.11 Exceptions
750(1)
3.12 Entry into force of the Agreement
751(1)
4. Domestic implementation
751(3)
4.1 Art XXIV of the Agreement
751(1)
4.2 The European Communities
751(1)
4.3 The United States
752(1)
4.4 Japan
753(1)
5. Dispute settlement in relation to the Agreement on Government Procurement
754(27)
5.1 In general
754(1)
5.2 GATT/WTO dispute cases
755(27)
5.2.1 The Trondheim Case
755(2)
5.2.2 The Korean Inchon Airport Case
757(2)
5.2.3 The State of Massachusetts Case
759(1)
5.2.4 The Japan Railway OR) Case — a dispute settlement at challenge procedures
760(3)
19. Developing Countries 763(1)
1. The developing world
763(2)
2. A little history
765(5)
3. GATT Article XX(h)
770(1)
4. GATT Article XVIII
770(2)
5. Part IV of the GATT
772(1)
6. The generalized system of preferences
773(4)
7. The Global System of Trade Preferences
777(1)
8. Special and differential treatment provisions for developing countries in the Uruguay Round
777(2)
9. Trade and economic development
779(2)
10. Trade and the right to development
781(1)
11. Enhancing market access
782(1)
12. New initiatives
782(3)
20. Environmental Protection and Trade 785(1)
1. Introduction
786(4)
2. Environmentalist trade demands: a critical analysis
790(1)
3. The environmental impact of trade
790(4)
4. The Tuna Dolphin cases: a false start
794(3)
5. The WTO approach under GATT 1994
797(34)
5.1 GATT Article XX(g)
797(2)
5.2 GATT Article XX(b)
799(2)
5.3 The chapeau of Article XX
801(2)
6. Multilateral and bilateral environmental agreements
803(2)
7. Unilateral measures
805(1)
8. Protection of natural resources
806(1)
9. Environmental standards and process and production methods
807(1)
9.1 Standards and technical regulations
807(1)
9.2 Process and production methods
808(12)
9.2.1 Environmental agreements
811(2)
9.2.2 Environmental management systems
813(2)
9.2.3 Investment
815(1)
10. Recycling and packaging
816(2)
11. Eco-labels
818(2)
12. The export of hazardous substances and wastes
820(3)
12.1 Domestically prohibited goods
820(1)
12.2 Waste
821(2)
13. Environmental taxes
823(6)
13.1 Taxes on products
826(1)
13.2 Taxes on resource use
827(1)
13.3 Taxes on inputs
827(2)
14. Conclusions
829(2)
21. Trade and Investment 831(20)
1. Trade and investment in the WTO: from modest initial steps to high hopes and back
831(7)
2. TRIMs
838(11)
2.1 The scope of TRIMs
838(1)
2.2 TRIMs after GATT: what value is added?
839(5)
2.3 TRIMs and other WTO Annex 1A agreements
844(1)
2.4 Substantive provisions
845(3)
2.4.1 Standstill
845(1)
2.4.2 Transitional phase
845(1)
2.4.3 TRIMs inconsistent with Art Ill GATT
846(1)
2.4.4 TRIMs inconsistent with Art XI GATT
847(1)
2.5 Procedural obligations
848(1)
2.5.1 Notification of TRIMs
848(1)
2.5.2 Transparency
848(1)
2.6 Remaining provisions
848(4)
2.6.1 Review of TRIMs
848(1)
2.6.2 Institutional Issues
849(1)
3. Conclusions
849(2)
22. Competition Policy and Trade 851(56)
1. WTO and competition policy
852(6)
1.1 Introduction
852(1)
1.2 Anti-competitive conduct that adversely affects international trade
853(5)
1.2.1 International cartels, export cartels and import cartels
853(2)
1.2.2 Boycotts, tie-in contracts and vertical restraints
855(1)
1.2.3 Mergers and acquisitions
856(2)
2. Provisions on competition policy in the WTO agreements
858(6)
2.1 Agreement on technical barriers to trade (TBT Agreement)
858(2)
2.2 Trade in services
860(2)
2.3 Intellectual property and trade-related investment measures
862(1)
2.4 Safeguards and antidumping
863(1)
3. Extraterritorial application of domestic competition laws
864(10)
3.1 In general
864(1)
3.2 The United States
865(4)
3.3 The European Community
869(2)
3.4 Germany
871(1)
3.5 Japan
872(2)
4. Conflict of jurisdictions
874(7)
4.1 In general
874(1)
4.2 The ICI case
874(2)
4.3 The Swiss Watch case
876(1)
4.4 The Laker case
877(2)
4.5 The GE/Honeywell case
879(1)
4.6 Summary
880(1)
5. Trade policy and competition policy
881(4)
5.1 Trade policy and competition
881(1)
5.2 The Semiconductor case
882(1)
5.3 Competition policy implications of the Semiconductor Agreement
883(2)
6. International cooperation in competition policy
885(8)
6.1 Globalizing economy and the need for convergence of competition law and policy
885(1)
6.2 International cooperation in competition policy
886(7)
6.2.1 Types of cooperation in competition policy
886(2)
6.2.2 Positive comity
888(1)
6.2.3 Cooperation in investigation
889(1)
6.2.4 Convergence of competition policy and law
890(2)
6.2.5 The ICPAC Report
892(1)
7. The competition policy debates in the WTO
893(8)
7.1 Activities of the working group on trade and competition policy in the WTO
893(3)
7.2 Review of the working group's reports
896(3)
7.2.1 Consensus
896(1)
7.2.2 Divergent views
897(2)
7.3 The Ministerial Declaration on Competition Policy adopted at the Doha Ministerial Conference in November 2001
899(2)
8. Conclusions
901(6)
8.1 Option 1: A declaration that competition policy is an integral part of the WTO regime
901(1)
8.2 Option 2: A plurilateral agreement
901(1)
8.3 Option 3: A non-binding multilateral framework for cooperation in competition policy
902(2)
8.4 Option 4: A partly-binding multilateral framework
904(3)
23. Future Challenges 907(26)
1. Four crises
907(7)
1.1 Interna9 decision-making
908(2)
1.2 Civil society
910(2)
1.3 Developing countries
912(1)
1.4 Regional and bilateral free trade agreements
913(1)
2. The multilateral trading system at a crossroads
914(4)
3. Societal issues
918(10)
3.1 The environment
918(2)
3.2 Health
920(1)
3.3 Workers' rights
921(2)
3.4 Human rights
923(1)
3.5 The poor
924(2)
3.6 Intellectual property
926(1)
3.7 Transparency
927(1)
3.8 Governance
927(1)
4. The Doha negotiating agenda
928(5)
Annex 1: Article 22.6 Arbitrations 933(4)
Annex 2: GATT & WTO Dispute Settlement Reports 937(10)
Index 947

An electronic version of this book is available through VitalSource.

This book is viewable on PC, Mac, iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, and most smartphones.

By purchasing, you will be able to view this book online, as well as download it, for the chosen number of days.

Digital License

You are licensing a digital product for a set duration. Durations are set forth in the product description, with "Lifetime" typically meaning five (5) years of online access and permanent download to a supported device. All licenses are non-transferable.

More details can be found here.

A downloadable version of this book is available through the eCampus Reader or compatible Adobe readers.

Applications are available on iOS, Android, PC, Mac, and Windows Mobile platforms.

Please view the compatibility matrix prior to purchase.