
Interest Rate Models : Theory and Practice with Smile, Inflation and Credit
by Brigo, Damiano; Mercurio, Fabio-
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Summary
Table of Contents
Preface | p. ü |
Motivation | p. ü |
Aims, Readership and Book Structure | p. ü |
Final Word and Acknowledgments | p. üI |
Description of Contents by Chapter | p. VI |
Abbreviations and Notation | p. XV |
Models: Theory And Implementation | |
Definitions and Notation | p. 1 |
The Bank Account and the Short Rate | p. 1 |
Zero-Coupon Bonds and Spot Interest Rates | p. 3 |
Fundamental Interest-Rate Curves | p. 8 |
Forward Rates | p. 10 |
Interest-Rate Swaps and Forward Swap Rates | p. 13 |
Interest-Rate Caps/Floors and Swaptions | p. 15 |
No-Arbitrage Pricing and Numeraire Change | p. 23 |
No-Arbitrage in Continuous Time | p. 24 |
The Change-of-Numeraire Technique | p. 26 |
A Change-of-Numeraire Toolkit | p. 28 |
The Choice of a Convenient Numeraire | p. 32 |
The Forward Measure | p. 33 |
The Fundamental Pricing Formulas | p. 35 |
The Pricing of Caps and Floors | p. 36 |
Pricing Claims with Deferred Payoffs | p. 37 |
Pricing Claims with Multiple Payoffs | p. 38 |
Foreign Markets and Numeraire Change | p. 40 |
One-factor short-rate models | p. 43 |
Introduction and Guided Tour | p. 43 |
Classical Time-Homogeneous Short-Rate Models | p. 48 |
The Vasicek Model | p. 50 |
The Dothan Model | p. 54 |
The Cox, Ingersoll and Ross (CIR) Model | p. 56 |
Affine Term-Structure Models | p. 60 |
The Exponential-Vasicek (EV) Model | p. 61 |
The Hull-White Extended Vasicek Model | p. 63 |
The Short-Rate Dynamics | p. 64 |
Bond and Option Pricing | p. 66 |
The Construction of a Trinomial Tree | p. 69 |
Possible Extensions of the CIR Model | p. 72 |
The Black-Karasinski Model | p. 73 |
The Short-Rate Dynamics | p. 74 |
The Construction of a Trinomial Tree | p. 76 |
Volatility Structures in One-Factor Short-Rate Models | p. 77 |
Humped-Volatility Short-Rate Models | p. 83 |
A General Deterministic-Shift Extension | p. 86 |
The Basic Assumptions | p. 87 |
Fitting the Initial Term Structure of Interest Rates | p. 88 |
Explicit Formulas for European Options | p. 90 |
The Vasicek Case | p. 91 |
The CIR++ Model | p. 93 |
The Construction of a Trinomial Tree | p. 96 |
The Positivity of Rates and Fitting Quality | p. 97 |
Deterministic-Shift Extension of Lognormal Models | p. 100 |
Some Further Remarks on Derivatives Pricing | p. 102 |
Pricing European Options on a Coupon-Bearing Bond | p. 102 |
The Monte Carlo Simulation | p. 103 |
Pricing Early-Exercise Derivatives with a Tree | p. 106 |
A Fundamental Case of Early Exercise: Bermudan-Style Swaptions | p. 1ll |
Implied Cap Volatility Curves | p. 114 |
The Black and Karasinski Model | p. 115 |
The CIR+-I- Model | p. 116 |
The Extended Exponential-Vasicek Model | p. 117 |
Implied Swaption Volatility Surfaces | p. 119 |
The Black and Karasinski Model | p. 120 |
The Extended Exponential-Vasicek Model | p. 120 |
An Example of Calibration to Real-Market Data | p. 121 |
Two-Factor Short-Rate Models | p. 127 |
Introduction and Motivation | p. 127 |
The Two-Additive-Factor Gaussian Model G2++ | p. 132 |
The Short-Rate Dynamics | p. 133 |
The Pricing of a Zero-Coupon Bond | p. 134 |
Volatility and Correlation Structures in Two-Factor Models | p. 137 |
The Pricing of a European Option on a Zero-Coupon Bond | p. 143 |
The Analogy with the Hull-White Two-Factor Model | p. 149 |
The Construction of an Approximating Binomial Tree | p. 152 |
Examples of Calibration to Real-Market Data | p. 156 |
The Two-Additive-Factor Extended CIR/LS Model CIR2++ | p. 165 |
The Basic Two-Factor CIR2 Model | p. 166 |
Relationship with the Longstaff and Schwartz Model (LS) | p. 167 |
Forward-Measure Dynamics and Option Pricing for CIR2 | p. 168 |
The CIR2++ Model and Option Pricing | p. 168 |
The Heath-Jarrow-Morton (HJM) Framework | p. 173 |
The HJM Forward-Rate Dynamics | p. 175 |
Markovianity of the Short-Rate Process | p. 176 |
The Ritchken and Sankarasubramanian Framework | p. 177 |
The Mercurio and Moraleda Model | p. 181 |
The LIBOR and Swap Market Models (LFM and LSM) | p. 183 |
Introduction | p. 183 |
Market Models: a Guided Tour | p. 184 |
The Lognormal Forward-LIBOR Model (LFM) | p. 192 |
Some Specifications of the Instantaneous Volatility of Forward Rates | p. 195 |
Forward-Rate Dynamics under Different Numeraires | p. 198 |
Calibration of the LFM to Caps and Floors Prices | p. 203 |
Piecewise-Constant Instantaneous-Volatility Structures | p. 206 |
Parametric Volatility Structures | p. 207 |
Cap Quotes in the Market | p. 208 |
The Term Structure of Volatility | p. 210 |
Piecewise-Constant Instantaneous Volatility Structures | p. 210 |
Parametric Volatility Structures | p. 215 |
Instantaneous Correlation and Terminal Correlation | p. 217 |
Swaptions and the Lognormal Forward-Swap Model (LSM) | p. 220 |
Swaptions Hedging | p. 224 |
Cash-Settled Swaptions | p. 226 |
Incompatibility between the LFM and the LSM | p. 227 |
The Structure of Instantaneous Correlations | p. 230 |
Monte Carlo Pricing of Swaptions with the LFM | p. 233 |
Rank-One Analytical Swaption Prices | p. 236 |
Rank-r Analytical Swaption Prices | p. 242 |
A Simpler LFM Formula for Swaptions Volatilities | p. 246 |
A Formula for Terminal Correlations of Forward Rates | p. 249 |
Calibration to Swaptions Prices | p. 252 |
Connecting Caplet and 5 x 1-Swaption Volatilities | p. 254 |
Forward and Spot Rates over Non-Standard Periods | p. 261 |
Drift Interpolation | p. 262 |
The Bridging Technique | p. 264 |
p. 266 | |
A Mini-tour on the Smile Problem | p. 266 |
Modeling the Smile | p. 270 |
The Shifted-Lognormal Case | p. 271 |
The Constant Elasticity of Variance (CEV) Model | p. 273 |
A Mixture-of-Lognormals Model | p. 276 |
Shifting the Lognormal-Mixture Dynamics | p. 280 |
Cases of Calibration of the LIBOR Market Model | p. 283 |
The Inputs | p. 284 |
Joint Calibration with Piecewise-Constant Volatilities as in TABLE 5 | p. 284 |
Instantaneous Correlations: Narrowing the Angles | p. 288 |
Instantaneous Correlations: Fixing the Angles to Typ-ical Values | p. 290 |
Instantaneous Correlations: Fixing the Angles to Atyp-ical Values | p. 292 |
Instantaneous Correlations: Collapsing to One Factor | p. 293 |
Joint Calibration with Parameterized Volatilities as in For-mulation 7 | p. 295 |
Formulation 7: Narrowing the Angles | p. 297 |
Formulation 7: Calibrating only to Swaptions | p. 300 |
Exact Swaptions Calibration with Volatilities as TABLE 1 | p. 303 |
Some Numerical Results | p. 309 |
Conclusions: Where Now? | p. 314 |
Monte Carlo Tests for LFM Analytical Approximations | p. 317 |
The Specification of Rates | p. 317 |
The "Testing Plan" for Volatilities | p. 318 |
Test Results for Volatilities | p. 321 |
Case (1): Constant Instantaneous Volatilities | p. 322 |
Case (2): Volatilities as Functions of Time to Maturity | p. 329 |
Case (3): Humped and Maturity-Adjusted Instanta-neous Volatilities Depending only on Time to Matu-rity, Typical Rank-Two Correlations | p. 334 |
The "Testing Plan" for Terminal Correlations | p. 345 |
Test Results for Terminal Correlations | p. 353 |
Case (i): Humped and Maturity-Adjusted Instanta-neous Volatilities Depending only on Time to Matu-rity, Typical Rank-Two Correlations | p. 353 |
Case (ü): Constant Instantaneous Volatilities, Typical Rank-Two Correlations | p. 355 |
Case (üi): Humped and Maturity-Adjusted Instanta-neous Volatilities Depending only on Time to Matu-rity, Some Negative Rank-Two Correlations | p. 359 |
Case (iv): Constant Instantaneous Volatilities, Some Negative Rank-Two Correlations | p. 363 |
Case (v): Constant Instantaneous Volatilities, Perfect Correlations, Upwardly Shifted $$'s | p. 365 |
Test Results: Stylized Conclusions | p. 367 |
Other Interest-Rate Models | p. 369 |
Brennan and Schwartz's Model | p. 369 |
Balduzzi, Das, Foresi and Sundaram's Model | p. 370 |
Flesaker and Hughston's Model | p. 371 |
Rogers's Potential Approach | p. 373 |
Markov Functional Models | p. 373 |
Pricing Derivatives In Practice | |
Pricing Derivatives on a Single Interest-Rate Curve | p. 377 |
In-Advance Swaps | p. 378 |
In-Advance Caps | p. 379 |
A First Analytical Formula (LFM) | p. 380 |
A Second Analytical Formula (G2++) | p. 380 |
Autocaps | p. 381 |
Caps with Deferred Caplets | p. 382 |
A First Analytical Formula (LFM) | p. 382 |
A Second Analytical Formula (G2++) | p. 383 |
Ratchets (One-Way Floaters) | p. 384 |
Constant-Maturity Swaps (CMS) | p. 385 |
CMS with the LFM | p. 385 |
CMS with the G2++ Model | p. 386 |
The Convexity Adjustment and Applications to CMS | p. 386 |
Natural and Unnatural Time Lags | p. 386 |
The Convexity-Adjustment Technique | p. 387 |
Deducing a Simple Lognormal Dynamics from the Adjustment | p. 391 |
Application to CMS | p. 392 |
Forward Rate Resetting Unnaturally and Average-Rate Swaps | p. 393 |
Captions and Floortions | p. 395 |
Zero-Coupon Swaptions | p. 395 |
Eurodollar Futures | p. 399 |
The Shifted Two-Factor Vasicek G2++ Model | p. 400 |
Eurodollar Futures with the LFM | p. 402 |
LFM Pricing with "In-Between" Spot Rates | p. 402 |
Accrual Swaps | p. 403 |
Trigger Swaps | p. 406 |
LFM Pricing with Early Exercise and Possible Path Depen-dence | p. 408 |
LFM: Pricing Bermudan Swaptions | p. 412 |
Longstaff and Schwartz's Approach | p. 413 |
Carr and Yang's Approach | p. 415 |
Andersen's Approach | p. 416 |
Pricing Derivatives on Two Interest-Rate Curves | p. 421 |
The Attractive Features of G2++ for Multi-Curve Payoffs | p. 421 |
The Model | p. 421 |
Interaction Between Models of the Two Curves "1" and "2" | p. 424 |
The Two-Models Dynamics under a Unique Conve-nient Forward Measure | p. 425 |
Quanto Constant-Maturity Swaps | p. 427 |
Quanto CMS: The Contract | p. 427 |
Quanto CMS: The G2++ Model | p. 429 |
Quanto CMS: Quanto Adjustment | p. 435 |
Differential Swaps | p. 437 |
The Contract | p. 437 |
Differential Swaps with the G2++ Model | p. 438 |
A Market-Like Formula | p. 440 |
Market Formulas for Basic Quanto Derivatives | p. 440 |
The Pricing of Quanto Caplets/Floorlets | p. 440 |
The Pricing of Quanto Caps/Floors | p. 443 |
The Pricing of Differential Swaps | p. 444 |
The Pricing of Quanto Swaptions | p. 444 |
Pricing Equity Derivatives under Stochastic Rates | p. 453 |
The Short Rate and Asset-Price Dynamics | p. 453 |
The Dynamics under the Forward Measure | p. 456 |
The Pricing of a European Option on the Given Asset | p. 458 |
A More General Model | p. 459 |
The Construction of an Approximating Tree for r | p. 460 |
The Approximating Tree for 5 | p. 462 |
The Two-Dimensional Tree | p. 463 |
Appendices | |
A Crash Introduction to Stochastic Differential Equations | p. 469 |
From Deterministic to Stochastic Differential Equations | p. 469 |
Ito's Formula476 | |
Discretizing SDEs for Monte Carlo: Euler and Milstein Schemes | p. 478 |
Examples | p. 480 |
Two Important Theorems | p. 482 |
A Useful Calculation | p. 485 |
Approximating Diffusions with Trees | p. 487 |
Talking to the Traders | p. 493 |
References | p. 501 |
Index | p. 509 |
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